名、言、说、辩下《韩非子》中的名辩思想

　　摘 要
　　
　　自《韩非子》一书问世以来，对它的研究就没有中断过，但这些研究多是集中于其文学性或历史性等方面的问题。因为韩非是法家的代表人物并且集法家思想之大成，因此其法家思想也是学术界研究的重点。相比较而言，对《韩非子》中的名辩思想的研究较少。
　　
　　近代以来，随着东西文化的交流与发展，西方逻辑思想传入了中国。中国学人在接受西方逻辑思想的同时，也对中国先哲的逻辑思想进行发掘。在这样的背景下，名家，墨家，荀子等先哲的名辩思想相继得到了研究和总结。关于韩非的名辩思想，学术界是有争议的，有人认为韩非对中国名辩学的贡献只局限于其提出了矛盾律，在逻辑理论方面明显不足。相比于名家、墨家和荀子，韩非的逻辑理论确有不足，但通过深入研究《韩非子》一书可以发现，韩非对名辩学的研究对象即名、辞（言）、说、辩都有其独到的分析和运用。
　　
　　本论文以《韩非子》一书为研究对象，从名、言、说、辩等方面探讨韩非的名辩思想。作为法家的代表人物，韩非不仅集法家思想之大成，又吸收借鉴先秦各家各派关于名辩学的思想和观点，他这样做的目的是为了能够给君主找到一套巩固统治、安定天下的策略。本文首先阐述《韩非子》中的形名思想；其次，就《韩非子》中的“言”进行分析，将其中的“言”进行归类，重点梳理韩非在名辩学意义上对言的使用。韩非十分重视言的作用，认为归于法令的言可以防止辩言的产生，是考察臣民的重要依据，也是君主维护自己统治、安定天下的基础；再次，本文分析了《韩非子》中的辩说思想。韩非对“当世之辩”进行了批判，认为辩言（无论是逻辑论辩还是纵横家的诡辩）是无用的。但韩非生活的时代并不是他理想中的社会，没有“明主”,法家思想也没有得到重视，社会上论辩之风盛行，各种辩说夹杂其中。为了宣扬自己的思想，韩非不得不拿起论辩的武器，参与到这场论辩中来。在论辩的过程中，韩非创立了连珠体的推论方法，并多次运用二难推论、合情论证等方法。特别是韩非提出的“矛盾之说”,被学术界认为是其对中国名辩学做出的最大贡献。最后，本文将韩非的名辩学思想与当世的孔子、墨家以及荀子的名辩思想进行比较，评析韩非的名辩思想，指出其对中国名辩学的贡献，同时分析其不足之处以及产生这些不足的原因。
　　
　　关键词：《韩非子》，形名思想，言，论证方式
　　
　　ABSTRACT
　　
　　The research of Han fei-zi has not ceased since the advent of book Han fei-zi, but these studiesare more focused on its literary, or historical issues. Because Hanfei is the representative figure of legalist ,So his legalists is also the focus of academic research. By contrast, the study of debate thought about theHan fei-zi is less.
　　
　　The western logical thought is introduced into China with the east-west cultural exchange anddevelopment since modern time. When Chinese scholars accept western logical thought, they also discoverthe logic of China's ancient philosophers. In such a background, the debate thought of the School ofNames, Mohism, Xunzi, who are Chinese ancient sages have been obtained the research and summary.
　　
　　About the debate thought of Ha nfei, academia is controversial, some people think that Hanfei'scontribution to the Chinese theory of n ames and arg umentation confined to its proposed the law ofcontradiction, its logical theory obviously inadequate. Than, Compared with the Sc hool of Names,Mohism and Xunzi, Hanfei's theory of logic is insufficient, but with the deepening of the research of Hanfei-zi, we can find that the forensics research of Hanfei has a unique analysis and application about Name,Ci, Saying and Debate.
　　
　　Based on the Han fei-zi as the research object, this paper research the forensics of Han fei fromthe Name, Ci, Saying, Debate, etc. As a representative of legalism, Hanfei was not only set to legalism,and also absorbed pre-qin dynasty thoughts and ideas about name forensics, his purpose is to find astrategies about consolidating ruling and peacing the world for The Monarch. This article first statementsThe Thought of Form and Name in Han fei-zi; Secondly, this paper is to analyze and categorize the “Yan”of Han fei-zi, focus on combing its use in forensics of sense of language. Hanfei attaches great importanceto the role of Yan, he thinks the Yan which belongs to the law could prevent the formation of apologyspeech, and it is an important basis of studying Subjects, also is a basis of the Monarch maintaining theirrule, settling the foundation. Then, this paper analyze the Han fei-zi in a persuasive thoughts, Hanfeithought the debates about contemporary criticism （both logical argumentation and vertical and horizontalsophisticated） are useless. But it was not Hanfei ideal society, no “Democratic”, and the Legalist SchoolThought was not got attention. There was so many kinds idea of political thought. In order to promote hisown thoughts, Hanfei also had to use the weapon of debate, participate in the debates. In the process,Hanfei founded the Renju inference method, and repeatedly used Dilemma, Reasonable analysis method.
　　
　　In particular, he proposed “the paradox”, is thought to make the greatest contribution for Chinese logic .Atthe end the article compares the forensics ideas of Hanfei with Confucius, Mohism and Xunzi, points outits contribution to the Chinese name forensics, and analyzes its ideas of deficiencies and what cause ofthese deficiencies.
　　
　　Keyword:Han fei-zi,The Thought of Form and Name,Yan,Proof method


　　目 录
　　
　　摘 要
　　
　　ABSTRACT
　　
　　绪 论
　　
　　一、研究对象及选题意义
　　
　　二、文献综述
　　
　　三、研究方法
　　
　　第一章 《韩非子》中的形名思想
　　
　　一、形与名的基本涵义
　　
　　二、名的分类
　　
　　（一）正物之名
　　
　　（二）参验之名
　　
　　（三）法令之名
　　
　　三、《韩非子》中所体现的名实观
　　
　　第二章 《韩非子》中的言
　　
　　一、“言”的含义
　　
　　二、言的特点及功用
　　
　　（一）言的特点
　　
　　（二）言的功用
　　
　　第三章 《韩非子》中的辩说思想
　　
　　一、辩产生的原因
　　
　　二、对辩的批判
　　
　　三、《韩非子》中的若干论证方式
　　
　　（一）连珠推论
　　
　　（二）二难推论
　　
　　（三）合情论证
　　
　　四、“矛盾之说”
　　
　　第四章 《韩非子》中名辩思想的历史地位
　　
　　结 语
　　
　　参考文献
　　
　　致 谢