摘 要
我国的刑法确立了罪责刑相适应的原则,而这一原则的真正实现则依赖于刑事司法中对该原则的正确认定和准确适用。罪责刑相适应如何具象的司法化是实现真正的司法公正的必经之路。在刑事犯罪过程中,被害人的行为在一定程度上,是具有影响整个犯罪行为性质的根本性作用的。例如正当防卫和基于被害人承诺的行为便是一种典型的刑法表现。但在规范刑法学的视野中,行为人行为的往往被认为对于整个犯罪的构成以及犯罪者所承担的刑事责任具有着决定性和排他性的地位和作用,而被害人的行为或者其在整个犯罪中所其的作用及地位,却只是被认定为酌定的一种量刑情节。这样的观念实质上是对于刑法的片面理解,也否认了被害人的行为对于刑法及犯罪的认定的重大意义,不利于罪责刑相适应原则的司法适用。
正是由于法律对于被害人过错没有明确清晰的规定,导致对于被害人过错的概念、认定存在诸多不同的认识。同时,也致使在我们的司法审判实践中对于被害人过错适用、判断和认定存在困惑,对于被害人过错在规范刑法学中的体系性地位亦存在缺失和不确定。因此,对此问题的研究对罪责刑相适应原则的司法适用,对于准确判断被害人过错的性质、程度,实践意义和理论研究意义。本文将把理论与司法审判实践中的案例结合,以案例引出分析的方式,对于被害人过错的认定进行分析,考察比较被害人过错纳入规范性刑法体系的模式,以期更好的发挥被害人过错在司法适用中的功能,对其纳入刑事责任评价体系有所裨益。
关键词:被害人过错;犯罪构成;量刑情节;刑事责任
ABSTRACT
Our country's criminal law has established appropriate to the principle of crimepunishment, and the principle of real implementation is dependent on the criminaljustice to the principle of proper and accurate. For how to accommodaterepresentational judicialization is to realize the real path to justice. In the process ofcriminal offense, the victim's behavior to a certain extent, is a fundamental role inthe nature of crime affects the whole. Such as justifiable defense and based on thepromise of the victim behavior is a kind of typical performance of criminal law. Butin standard punishment law, the offender behavior is often considered to constitutethe crime and the perpetrators of criminal responsibility is the decisive and theexclusive status and role, and the behavior of the victim or its in its position andfunction of the crime, but only a kind of identified as discretionary sentencing plot.
The notion is essentially for the one-sided understanding of criminal law, also deniedthe victim behavior for recognized the significance of criminal law and crime, is notconducive to fit for the principle of judicial application.
The cause of the above phenomenon, both legal theory understanding deviation,there is also not clear on the legislation and practice of theoretical disputes and casesfor a long time can not get effective solution, caused to the victim's fault in thejudicial practice that there is confusion, the specification for the victim faultpunishment law of the system status also has deficiencies and uncertain. Therefore,research on this question, to fit for the principle of judicial application for accuratelydetermining the nature of the fault, the victim, for fair judicial discretion has greattheoretical significance and practical significance. This article embarks from thepractice of relevant cases, adopt the method of case analysis combined withtheoretical analysis, the analysis for the fault of the victim, investigation into thenormative system of the criminal law is the victim fault mode, in order to better playthe victim fault in the judicial application function, help to its into the evaluationsystem of criminal responsibilityKey Words: The victim's fault; Crime constitution; Sentencing plot;Criminal responsibility
目 录
第 1 章 引言……1
第 2 章 被害人过错概述……3
2.1 被害人过错的研究 ……3
2.1.1 被害人权利运动 ……3
2.1.2 被害人过错的研究 ……4
2.2 被害人过错的概念 ……4
2.2.1 “被害人”的认定 ……5
2.2.2 “过错”的认定 ……6
2.2.3 被害人过错的成立要件 ……8
2.2.4 被害人过错的类别 ……9
第 3 章 被害人过错对定罪的影响……10
3.1 被害人过错影响定罪的情况 ……10
3.1.1 挑衅原则 ……10
3.1.2 自我创设危险原则 ……11
3.1.3 正当防卫 ……12
3.2. 国外学者对被害人过错在犯罪构成体系中功能的研究 ……12
3.3 我国对被害人过错在犯罪构成体系中功能的设计 ……14
3.3.1 适当拓宽“挑衅原则”的适用范围 ……14
3.3.2 确立挑衅原则的性质 ……14
3.3.3 明确挑衅原则的成立要件 ……15
第 4 章 被害人过错对量刑的影响……17
4.1 被害人过错影响量刑的理论依据 ……17
4.1.1 责任分担说 ……17
4.1.2 谴责性降低说 ……18
4.1.3 两种学说的梳理 ……19
4.2 立法中被害人过错作为量刑情节的概述 ……20
4.2.1 国外的立法比较 ……20
4.2.2 我国的立法现状 ……22
4.3 被害人过错作为酌定量刑情节的缺陷 ……24
4.3.1 被害人过错作为量刑酌定情节不符合司法实践的需要 ……25
4.3.2 被害人过错作为量刑的酌定情节致使认定标准不一 ……26
4.3.3 被害人过错作为量刑酌定情节导致适用率较低 ……26
4.4 被害人过错情节法定化的设计 ……26
4.4.1 被害人过错的定量分析是法定化的基础 ……26
4.4.2 被害人过错量刑情节法定化的立法完善建议 ……29
4.4.3 正确的程序适用是被害人过错量刑情节法定化的保障 ……32
第 5 章 结语……33
致谢……34
参考文献……35