摘要
改革开放以来,我国的经济发展水平不断提高,回顾总结三十多年来的经济改革发展之路,我国的经济发展主要构建在高能耗、低效率的粗放型经济发展模式的基础之上。而随着现代社会的快速发展,人们对赖以生存的资源环境赋予了更多更高的要求与期望。面对不可再生资源的日益紧缺问题,如何利用资源税的税制改革与完善来改善资源使用状况,真正实现生态、经济、文化的可持续发展,成为了资源税税制体系建设的一个值得深入探究的课题。
在我国,资源税是环境税收的重要组成部分,是一种既能保护生态环境,又能增加财政收入的“双赢”环境税税种。通过征收资源税,可以将开采、利用资源的外部成本内部化,提高自然资源使用率,保护生态环境,加快建设可持续发展的“环境友好型”、“资源节约型”社会。而现阶段我国资源税的税制建设中仍存在诸多问题,不能充分发挥资源税制在改善生态环境、促进可持续发展中所起的作用。
本文以可持续发展为主要背景,在对资源税的理论依据进行概括总结并扩展的基础上,分析了我国现行资源税存在的主要问题,并且借鉴国外相关经验,按照我国可持续发展的要求,提出了我国资源税改革的基本思路。文章中运用了比较研究的方法以及实证和规范分析相结合的方法。
论文共分为五大部分。
第一部分为引言部分,主要从资源税改革的研究背景,研究现状以及研究意义等方面进行了阐述。
第二部分为可持续发展与资源税的理论分析。首先阐述了可持续发展与资源税的关系,从可持续发展的内涵出发,研究了资源与可持续发展的关系以及资源税对促进可持续发展的作用和影响。然后着重介绍了与资源税相关联的两个基础理论:一是公共产品理论,二是外部性理论。最后是资源税的定位问题,分别从资源税与资源租、资源费的比较,以及资源税与保护资源的其它手段的比较进行了阐述。
第三部分为我国资源税的现状分析。这一部分从资源税费制度的变迁出发,分析了我国资源税目前存在的问题。
第四部分为国外资源税制度的经验借鉴。这部分运用比较分析法介绍了国外资源税征税的现状并阐述了国外经验对我国改革的启示。
第五部分为促进可持续发展的资源税改革的对策和建议。这一部分运用了实证分析和规范分析,分析了资源税改革的目标和可行性,提出了资源税改革的基本思路以及资源税改革的配套措施。
本文的创新之处在于:一是对资源税的定位进行了比较深入的探讨。由于理论界对资源税的定位存在很大的分歧,所以尽管对资源税所产生的问题认识一致,但在对策和建议上却不一致。本研究通过各方面的综合比较确定资源税的定位,为系统的分析资源税问题提供前提条件。二是改革建议中提出将资源税与增值税、消费税等其他税种配合,并统一纳入到大的环境税收体系中,完成配套的改革和完善。
关键词:可持续发展 资源税 资源税改革
ABSTRACT
The economy keeps developing at a fast rate since the policy of renovation and opento the world. However, looking back at the road we have traveled for more than thirtyyears we will realize that our economy development is based on the extensive mode witha high consumption and a low efficiency. As people are holding higher demands andexpectation from the environment they live by and the non-renewable resources arebecoming increasingly scarce,how to improve the efficiency of resource usage takingadvantage of the innovation and refinement of resource tax and how to achieve thesustainable development of ecology,economy and culture has become a subject thatdeserves in-depth study for the construction of resource tax system.
Domestically speaking,resource tax is an important part of environment tax systemand it can not only protect the environment but also increase Fiscal Avenue. By themeans of collecting resource tax,we can internalize the external expense of exploitingand using the resources ,improve the efficiency of resource usage , protect theenvironment and construct an environmental-friendly and resource-saving society.
However,at the present stage,there exist many problems at the construction of taxsystem,which hinder the advantageous role resource tax system could play in the processof improving the environment and the sustainable development.
This paper,after summarizing and extending the theories of resource tax, analyzesthe problems of our current resource tax system and proposes the basic outline ofresource tax innovation. The research method would be comparative study and thecombination of empirical study and canonical parse.
This paper consists of five parts.The first part is the introduction part,mainly from the resource tax reform researchbackground,research status and research significance and so on are expounded.
The second part is the theory analysis of sustainable development and resource tax.First the author discusses the relationship between sustainable development and resourcetax and studies the relationship between sustainable development and resource tax andthe influence that resource tax would have on sustainable development on the point ofsustainable development. And then introduces the resource tax related two basic theories:
one is the public goods theory; the other is the externality theory. The last resourcelocation problem,respectively from the comparison of resource tax and resource rent,tax,and other means of resource and protection of resource is expounded.
The third part is the analysis of the current resource situation in our country throughthe transition of resource tax system and proposes the possible reasons for theseproblems.
The fourth part is experiences from other countries. This part introduces the currentresource situation in other countries and discusses how could this enlightens our taxinnovation.
The fifth part is the strategies and advices for the resource tax innovation. This partwill adopt empirical study and canonical parse methods to analyze the target andfeasibility of resource tax innovation and proposes the basic outline and theaccompanying measures of resource tax innovation.
The innovation of this paper lies in: one is the positioning of resource tax. Due tothe positioning of resource tax in the theoretical circle there are big differences,soalthough understanding of resource tax problems generated by the consistent,but do notagree on the countermeasure and the suggestion. This study will be through thecomparison of various aspects to determine the resource location,provide premiseconditions for analyzing the resource tax system problem. Second,whether waterresources should be incorporated into the resource will be discussed.
Key words: sustainable development, resource tax, resource tax innovation
目录
1 引言
1.1 研究背景
1.2 研究现状
1.2.1 国外研究现状概述
1.2.2 国内研究现状概述
1.3 研究意义
1.4 创新点和不足之处
2 可持续发展与资源税理论分析
2.1 可持续发展理论与资源税的关系
2.1.1 可持续发展理论的内涵
2.1.2 资源税对促进可持续发展的作用和影响
2.2 资源税的相关理论
2.2.1 公共产品理论
2.2.2 外部性理论
2.3 资源税与相关税费的比较
2.3.1 资源税与资源租、资源费的比较
2.3.2 资源税与保护资源的其他手段的比较
3 我国资源税的现状
3.1 资源税费制度的变迁
3.1.1 从新中国成立起开始的无资源税阶段
3.1.2 第一代资源税制度
3.1.3 “税费并存”制度的确立
3.1.4 第二代资源税制度
3.1.5 新一轮的资源税改革
3.2 资源税改革的影响——以新疆油气改革为例
3.2.1 资源税改革对政府财政收入的影响
3.2.2 资源税改革对企业的影响
3.2.3 资源税改革对消费者的影响
3.3 我国资源税存在的问题
3.3.1 资源税的立法层次较低
3.3.2 资源税的设立宗旨不符合可持续发展观
3.3.3 资源税税制设计不合理
3.3.4 重复的税费征收,“费挤税”问题严重
3.3.5 资源税分配机制不合理
3.3.6 减税政策过多
4 国外资源税制度经验借鉴
4.1 国外资源税征收现状
4.1.1 美国资源税制度
4.1.2 俄罗斯资源税制度
4.1.3 巴西资源税制度
4.2 国外资源税对我国改革的启示
5 资源税改革的对策和建议
5.1 提高资源税的立法层次
5.2 明确资源税的定位
5.3 建立完善的资源税体系
5.3.1 扩大资源税的征税范围
5.3.2 完善资源税计税依据
5.3.3 调整资源税的税率
5.4 调整资源税的分配制度
5.5 税费合并
5.6 调整资源税税收优惠政策
5.7 协调资源税与其他税种
参考文献