摘 要
《鹿特丹规则》的重大变革主要体现在公约适用范围的扩大、涉及运输合同的内容增加、承运人责任相对加重、创新海运履约方概念、货方定义及权利的进一步明确。目前，国内对《鹿特丹规则》的研究主要集中于有关承运人的责任制度、我国是否签署和批准公约、公约对我国《海商法》的影响及改革的问题上，对实际履行运输合同义务的海运履约方的研究则相对较少。
本文针对海运履约方及其赔偿责任问题，结合我国司法实践和立法现状，分析国外实践经验，运用比较分析法、实证分析法、系统分析法等社会科学研究的基本方法展开研究。
本文从承运人制度的演变来着手分析海运履约方制度的提出；通过规范分析，对比承运人责任制度和海运履约方责任制度；然后，结合中国实际情况，分析中国对海运履约方制度的基本立场；最后，结合海运履约方及其责任制度，提出了对我国《海商法》的修改建议。全文共分四部分：
第一部分主要是分析了海运承运人制度的演变。通过历史回顾，对比分析了《海牙规则》中列举式定义的“承运人”制度、《海牙--维斯比规则》中喜马拉雅条款的法律化、《汉堡规则》的实际承运人制度的创立以及《鹿特丹规则》中海运履约方制度的首次提出。
第二部分具体分析了《鹿特丹规则》中对海运履约方及其责任的规定。主要根据《鹿特丹规则》相比较前几部公约有重大变革的三个方面：分别是责任基础的新构建、责任期间的扩大、赔偿责任限额的提高问题展开分析；最后分析承运人和海运履约方之间的责任关系。
第三部分是关于中国对海运履约方制度的基本立场。分析了中国理论界关于《鹿特丹规则》的主要争论、贸易商与海运实务界关于《鹿特丹规则》的基本立场，中国政府对《鹿特丹规则》的基本态度和未来海运履约方制度在中国的适用等。
第四部分是关于《海商法》转化海运履约方制度的建议。首先，分析海运履约方制度对我国的影响：我国合同相对性面临着重大的考验和新制度的提出对我国《海商法》的冲击；其次，分析海运履约方制度在我国《海商法》中的定位，结合海运履约方制度分析我国实际承运人、港口经营人和中间实际承运人；最后，结合海运履约方及其责任制度提出对我国《海商法》的修改建议，强调完善实际承运人及其责任制度，明确港口经营人和中间实际承运人的法律地位。
关键词：海运履约方， 责任制度， 基本立场， 建议
Abstract
Major changes of Rotterdam Rules mainly embodied in the expansion of application scope ofthe convention, the added content involving shipment contract, the increasing of carrier's liability,the concept innovation on shipping party, the further clarification of the definition and rights of thecargo party. At present, the study of Rotterdam Rules in China are mainly focuses on the issues ofthe carrier's liability system, whether China signs and ratifies the convention or not, the influenceof the convention on Maritime Law of China and the reform. The study on maritime performingparty that actually performs the obligations of the shipment contract is relatively less.
Based on the maritime performing party and the liability to pay compensation, combined withthe judicial practices and the status quo of the legislation in China, the study is carried out byanalyzing the practices of other countries by means of comparative analysis, empirical analysis,system analysis and other basic methodologies of social science research.
This article starts with the analysis of the development of the carrier system, surrounds theputting forward of the maritime performing party system, compares the carrier's liability systemand the maritime performing party responsibility system by normative analysis, analyzes China'sbasic standing point over maritime performing party system by combining with China's actualsituation, and finally puts forward some suggestions on the changes of China's Maritime Law bycombining the maritime performing party and its responsibility system. The article is composed offour parts:
The first part mainly analyzes the development of ocean carrier system. Through a historicalreview, the comparison is made to analyze the enumerative definition of carrier system in HagueRules, the legalization of Himalaya Clause in Hague-Visby Rules, the establishment of the actualcarrier system in Hamburg Rules and the first putting forward of maritime performing party inRotterdam Rules.
The second part analyzes in detail the regulations on maritime performing party and itsliabilities in Rotterdam Rules. Three major changes of Rotterdam Rules are mainly analyzed, basedon the comparison the previous conventions. They are respectively the new construction ofresponsibility foundation, the expansion during the period of liability and the increase of liabilitylimitation. In the final analysis, the responsibility relationship between the carrier and the maritimeperforming party is examined.
The third part is about the basic standing point of China on maritime performing party. Thispart analyzes the main debates on Rotterdam Rules in China's theoretical circle, the basic standingpoint of traders and maritime practical circle on Rotterdam Rules, the basic attitude of Chinesegovernment towards Rotterdam Rules and the application of maritime performing party system inChina, etc.
The fourth part is about the suggestions on Maritime Law transforming maritime performingparty system. First of all, the analysis is made on the effect of maritime performing party system onChina. The contract relativity of China faces significant challenges and the impact of the newsystem on China's Maritime Law. The next analysis is made on the positioning of the maritimeperforming party system in China's Maritime Law, combining with maritime performing partysystem to analyze the actual carrier, port operator and intermediate actual carrier. Finally,combining with maritime performing party and its liability system, suggestions are made to changeChina's Maritime Law, with emphasis on perfecting the system of actual carrier and theirresponsibilities, and clarifying the legal status of port operator and intermediate actual carrier.
Key Words: Maritime Performing Party, Liability System, Basic Standing Point,Suggestions
目 录
引 言
1 承运人与海运履约方
1.1 承运人制度的历史演进
1.1.1 《海牙规则》中的承运人制度
1.1.2 《海牙-维斯比规则》中的承运人制度
1.1.3 《汉堡规则》中的实际承运人制度
1.2 《鹿特丹规则》中的海运履约方
2 《鹿特丹规则》关于海运履约方的责任制度
2.1 责任基础
2.1.1 承运人的责任基础
2.1.2 海运履约方的责任基础
2.2 责任期间
2.2.1 承运人的责任期间
2.2.2 海运履约方的责任期间
2.3 责任限额
2.3.1 承运人的责任限额
2.3.2 海运履约方的责任限额
2.4 承运人和海运履约方之间的责任关系
3 中国对海运履约方制度的基本立场
3.1 中国理论界关于《鹿特丹规则》的争论
3.2 中国贸易商与海运实务界关于《鹿特丹规则》的不同立场
3.2.1 中国贸易商对《鹿特丹规则》的立场
3.2.2 中国海运实务界对《鹿特丹规则》的立场
3.3 中国政府对《鹿特丹规则》的基本态度
3.4 未来海运履约方制度在中国的适用
4 关于我国《海商法》转化海运履约方制度的建议
4.1 海运履约方制度对我国的影响
4.1.1 合同相对性的考验
4.1.2 现行法的冲击
4.2 海运履约方制度在我国海商法中的定位
4.2.1 我国实际承运人制度
4.2.2 我国港口经营人和中间实际承运人制度的缺陷
4.3 关于我国《海商法》的修改建议
结语
参考文献
致 谢
