摘 要
透过科学技术的发展历程可以看到,科学技术的发展极大地改善、提高了人们的物质生活条件,但同时也带来了许多负面影响,如环境污染、物种灭绝、资源耗竭等等。如何规避这些负面效应的产生,协调科学技术和社会的健康发展成为一个社会性的公共问题。而公众作为社会最基本的组成单位,从科学技术诞生之日起,就与其结下不解之缘。在享有科学技术发展带来的现实利益的同时,也必然要承担科学技术负面效应的影响。可以说,科学技术与公众的现实生活和利益息息相关。随着公众对社会事务的关注热情不断升温以及科学素养水平的不断提高,科学技术的健康、可持续发展也日益成为公众关注的焦点。
公众舆论作为集中反映公众对于社会事务和问题的态度意见的风向标,在社会监督、价值整合、道德示范、社会褒扬等方面都日益显现出了巨大的作用。科学技术已经成为社会大系统中不可分离的一部分,其发展必然受到诸多社会因素的影响,其中就包括公众舆论。公众舆论对社会生活的监督作用虽然日益强大,但就目前的实际情况来看,公众舆论的力量在科学技术发展中还没有得到充分有效的发挥。这一方面源于管理层和科学共同体没有对公众舆论给予足够的重视和保护,另一方面也和公众舆论主体自身的局限性有关。譬如,公众科学素养水平还不高,对于科学技术问题的认识只能停留在问题本身层面上,不能对问题背后隐藏的深层次原因,譬如科学思想和方法,做深入的理解和认识。传播媒介的更新换代虽然促进了信息的传播,但也分散了公众舆论的注意力,舆论碎片化、极端化现象频现,使得公众很难获取准确、全面的信息,公众舆论力量难以凝聚。
尽管存在不足和缺陷,我们也应该充分认识到科学技术发展中公众舆论的强大潜在作用力,并力求将公众舆论的潜在作用力转化为现实约束力。
科学技术的发展离不开三个主体:管理层、科学共同体和公众。管理层作为科学技术政策和措施的最终决策者,决定着科学技术发展的方向。公众舆论对于管理层的政策措施的反馈反映了公众对于管理层的支持或者质疑,有助于管理层及时作出必要的调整,当管理层对于科学技术的发展方向不符合公众诉求之后,公众舆论一旦以爆发模式表现出来之后,就会迅速在社会范围内形成强大的舆论压力,迫使管理层调整策略,保证科学技术的发展遵从“扎根社会、服务于社会”
的宗旨。不断壮大和规范化的科学共同体作为科学技术发展的实施者,不但是科学技术活动的主体,同时也为管理层的决策提供专业性的参考和建议。对于科学共同体,公众一方面需要其提供专业的知识来答疑解惑,同时公众舆论强大的社会褒扬和道德示范作用既可以满足科学共同体更高层次的精神需求,又会以舆论压力的形式规范和制约其学术行为。
目前,公众舆论在对科学技术发展中显现出来问题和不足主要表现在:公众舆论对科学技术深层次关注度不够、在科学技术事业中实际作用力比较弱、舆论失真和恐慌现象比较普遍。针对这种情况,为了切实发挥公众舆论在科学技术事业中的作用,要从三方面工作入手,将公众舆论的潜在作用力转化为现实约束力:
提升公众媒介素养水平,能够准确把握科学技术信息、实现批判性的再传播;深化科普建设,提高公众的科学素养水平,最大限度的减少舆论失真和恐慌的发生;建立舆论监督引导机制,加强公众舆论和管理层、科学共同体的交流,重视舆论领袖的作用,引导公众舆论理性、健康发声。
关键词:科学技术 舆论控制 机制 科学素养 媒介素养
Abstract
Through the development of science and technology as we can see, thedevelopment of science and technology greatly improved the people's material lifeconditions, but also bring about many negative impacts, such as environmentalpollution, species extinction, resource depletion, and so on. How to avoid thesenegative effects, to coordinate the healthy development of science and technology andsociety as a social public problems. And the basic composition of the public as asocial unit, starting from the date of the birth of science and technology, it has beenwedded to its. In enjoy the real benefits of science and technology development at thesame time, also must bear the influence of the negative effect of science andtechnology. It can be said that science and technology is closely related to the real lifeand interests of the public. As the public awareness of the social affairs enthusiasmrising and the continuous improvement of scientific literacy, healthy and sustainabledevelopment of science and technology are increasingly become the focus of publicattention.
Public opinion as reflected the public barometer of social affairs and the attitudeof the opinion, the social supervision, value integration in such aspects as moraldemonstration, social praise and emerging out of the enormous role. Science andtechnology enterprise as the integral part of the society under the influence of socialfactors, including the public opinion. Public opinion supervision role to the social life,though growing, but in the context of the current actual situation, the power of publicopinion in the development of science and technology has not been fully effectiveplay. This aspect is the result of management and the scientific community not topublic opinion to give enough attention and protection, on the other hand also and thelimitations of limited public opinion the subject itself. For example, the public scienceliteracy level is not high, to the understanding of the problems of science andtechnology can only stay in the problem level, not hidden behind the deep levelreasons, the problem of scientific ideas and methods, for example, do in-depthunderstanding and awareness. Upgrading of medium while promoting the spread ofinformation, but also spread the attention of public opinion, public opinionfragmentation, extreme phenomenon appear frequently, make it hard for the public toobtain accurate and comprehensive information, public opinion, it is hard to condense.
Despite the shortcomings and defects, we should fully realize the science andtechnology developing strong potential force of public opinion, and strive to convertpotential force of public opinion into reality.
The development of science and technology depends on three subjects: themanagement, the scientific community and the public. Management as a scientific andtechnical policies and measures for the final decision makers, determine the directionof science and technology development. Public opinion for the management ofpolicies and measures of feedback reflects the public support for the managementand/or questions, help the management to make the necessary adjustments in time,ensure the development of science and technology to follow the tenet of “rooted,serve the society”, and once the management does not meet the public demands forthe development of science and technology direction, public opinion in burst mode,quickly within the scope of the social formation of strong public pressure. Growingand standardization of scientific community as implementers of the development ofscience and technology, not only the main body of the activities of science andtechnology, but also for management decision-making to provide professionalreference and advice. For the scientific community, the public on the one hand, needto provide professional knowledge to answer it, at the same time, public opinionstrong social praise and moral demonstration effect can meet the demand of higherlevel of scientific community spirit, and to pressure specification and restrict itsacademic behavior.
At present, the public opinion in the apparent problems and the insufficiency inthe development of science and technology is mainly manifested in: public opinion tothe profound awareness of science and technology is not enough, the actual force inscience and technology career weaker, the distortion of public opinion and panicphenomenon is common. For this kind of situation, in order to effectively play therole of public opinion in science and technology enterprise, should start work fromThe third aspects, the potential force of public opinion into the reality of binding,perfect the public media literacy, to grasp the scientific and technical information,achieve critical to spread; Deepen the science construction and level, improve thelevel of public scientific literacy, minimize distortion of public opinion and theoccurrence of panic; Establish monitoring of public opinion guide mechanism,strengthen the communication between the government and scientific community.
Attaches great importance to the role of opinion leaders ,guiding a rational andhealthy public opinion.
Key Words:Science and technology public opinion control mechanismscientific literacy media literacy
目 录
中文摘要
英文摘要
引言
(一) 选题背景与研究意义
1. 选题背景
2. 研究意义
(二) 国内外研究现状综述
(三) 研究方法和主要创新点
1. 研究方法
2. 主要创新点
一、舆论概述
(一) 舆论的定义
(二) 舆论的形成
1. 舆论形成阶段的划分
2. 舆论形成的模式
(三) 舆论的结构和特征
1. 舆论的结构
2. 舆论的特征
(四) 新媒介时代舆论的新特点
二、科学技术发展舆论控制的必要性、机制和作用
(一) 科学技术发展的舆论控制的必要性
1. 科学技术的负面效应需要舆论引导和控制
2. 科学技术发展的舆论控制是社会进步的客观要求
3. 舆论控制影响科学技术的社会选择
(二) 科学技术发展的舆论控制机制
(三) 科学技术发展舆论控制的作用
1. 舆论的社会褒扬功能
2. 舆论的道德示范功能
3. 舆论的价值整合功能
4. 舆论的社会监督功能
三、科学技术发展的舆论控制存在的问题及原因分析
(一) 科学技术发展的舆论控制存在的问题
1. 公众舆论对科学技术发展关注度偏低
2. 公众舆论对科学技术的控制效果弱
3. 公众舆论对科学技术控制的失真
4. 公众舆论对科学技术控制的群体恐慌
(二) 问题的主要原因分析
1. 公众科学素养水平发展不平衡
2. 公众媒介素养水平不高
3. 舆论群体的非理性
4. 公众舆论保障机制的缺失
四、完善科学技术发展的舆论控制对策
(一) 提高公众媒介素养水平,规避舆论失真和恐慌
(二) 提高公众科学素养水平,提升舆论关注热情
1. 抓好基础教育工作
2. 有效开展科普工作
3. 多元化建设科学技术传播介质
(三) 建立舆论监测引导机制,提高公众舆论实际影响力
1. 主动设置议程,引导公众舆论氛围
2. 发挥意见领袖作用,避免群体非理性
3. 建立舆论保障措施,保障舆论畅通
结论
参考文献
后记
宁珊珊. 科学技术发展的舆论控制研究[D].河北师范大学,2016.