中文摘要
高水平运动员重大比赛中适宜的竞技状态形成和理想的竞技表现达成一直是竞技体育领域运动员、教练员十分关注的问题，也是运动训练理论研究领域亟待不断深入研究以揭示其内在规律的理论问题。在近三届奥运会上，我国优秀男子乒乓球运动员王皓三次进入决赛均屈居亚军，一反在世界杯、世锦赛等赛事上多次夺冠的态势，出现典型的“克拉克现象”,值得我们去分析研究运动员在重大赛事竞技表现的内在规律。本文通过 2004 年雅典奥运会、2008 年伦敦奥运会、2012 年伦敦奥运会三届奥运会决赛比赛录像，运用文献资料法、录像观察法、逻辑分析法和数理统计法等对三届奥运会乒乓球比赛中王皓在直拍横打、发抢段、接发球段、相持段进行技战术的统计和分析。主要采用 “三段分析法”解剖王皓在比赛中直拍横打、发球抢攻段、接发球抢攻段和相持段的技战术运用特点，找出其优势和不足，为高水平乒乓球运动员的训练和参赛提供建议，为同样技术打法的年轻运动员的训练和比赛提供借鉴。主要研究结论如下：
1、王皓反手直板横打技术在发球抢攻段前三板的运用效果不是很理想，王皓反手直板横打技术不管是在发球抢攻相持段和接发球抢攻相持段的得分率都比较高，在这一阶段反手直板横打技术时比较稳定的。但在比赛中由于前三板打的比较凶狠，因此王皓进入相持段使用反手直板横打技术没有更多的机会。相持球中反手横打技术失误过多，打关键球能力较差，拉球力量不足和稳定性不高导致更多的失误。同时反手位的相持过多依赖反手横拉，积极主动侧身进攻较少。
2、根据三届奥运会王皓与对手的数据分析得知：从得分率与使用率上来看，王皓在发球抢攻段的技术比较稳定。但从三届奥运会看王皓的技战术进步也不是很明显。王皓在发球抢攻段的得分率分别是 56%,47%,57%,对照标准是失误较多。发球抢攻的反手直板技术使用次数远远高于正手，同时王皓在发球抢攻段缺乏自信和果断，导致技术变形，失误频频，直接影响到了发球抢攻段的成功率。
3、王皓接发球抢攻段的反手技术优势不明显。在接发抢攻段频频失误，导致心理压力过大，因此在比赛中处于被动状态。尤其前三板处理球的能力相对较弱，被迫进入相持阶段后王皓的直拍横打技术虽然比较完善，却因为体力比较弱，尽管反手直拍使用率高，但是得分率并不高。
4、王皓相持段的技术比较稳定，得分率与使用率都比较高，尤其是在北京奥运会上就能得到体现。但是由于王皓进入状态比较晚，调整时间相对较长，因此使得王皓在这一阶段的失分率也比较高。同时在这一阶段由于王皓的体力也跟不上，比赛的节奏、力量、速度、旋转和落点的变化也不大，导致回的球没有杀伤力，给对手留下许多机会。
5、王皓在比赛中过分依赖直拍横打技术，回球质量也不高，抢攻的威胁性不强，落点变化少，在出现失利的情况下心态没有调整好。特长技术必须与全面的技术相结合方能够在重大比赛中占据不败之地。
关键词：乒乓球运动；直拍横打技术；竞技表现；奥运会
Abstract
The formation of the appropriate form and the ideal athletic performance is aimportant issue by Coaches and athletes. It is the field of sports training theory researchneeds to be constantly in-depth study to reveal the inherent law of theoretical issues. In thenearly three Olympic Games, Chinese elite male table tennis players, Contrary to theWorld Cup, world Championships, Wang Hao runner up in finals three times, which is a“Clark” phenomena. The inherent law of athletes performance in sporting events are worthstudy. By the method of documentary, video analysis, mathematical statistics, logicalanalysis and mathematical statistics to statistics and this paper probes into the skill andtactics of Wang Hao in tennis pen-hold backhand in service stage, receiving phase, and thestalemate stage in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, the 2008 London Olympic Games, the2012 Olympic Games in London. The three section analysis method anatomical the tacticsCharacteristics of Wang Hao in tennis pen-hold backhand was used to find out itsadvantages and disadvantages, to provide suggestions for high level table tennis athletes intraining and competition and provide a reference for the training and competition of youngathletes of the same technology players. The main research conclusions are as follows:
1.Wang Hao first three tennis pen-hold backhand is not mature and stable in servicestage. No matter in Service stage or receiving phase, scoring rate is higher and stability.Because of the first three playing hard, Wang Hao has no chance to use tennis pen-holdbackhand in stalemate stage. Tennis pen-hold backhand has many technical errors instalemate stage, keyball ability is poor, pull the ball lack of strength and stability is nothigh causes more errors. At the same time, the excessive dependence on the backhandstalemate backhand cross pull, active attack less sideways.
2.According to the data analysis of Wang Hao and opponents in three Olympic Gamesshowed that: From the view of scoring rate and usage, Wang Hao technology in servicestage is relatively stable. But progress is not obvious in. Wang Hao in service stage scoringrates were 56%, 47%, 57%, Comparison standards are more mistakes. The tennis pen-holdbackhand is much higher than the forehand in service stage. Meanwhile Wang Hao lackedof confidence and determination in service stage, leading to deformation technology,frequent mistakes, and affected the success rate.
3.In receiving phase, Wang Hao tennis pen-hold backhand technology is not obvious.Many of error in receiving phase lead to greater psychological pressure, so in a passiveposition in the competition. Especially the ability of the first three is relatively weak.Although Wang Hao tennis pen-hold backhand is a relatively perfect and the higher rate,but the strength is relatively weak, and the final score rate in not high.
4.Wang Hao tennis pen-hold backhand technology is relatively stable in stalematestage. The scoring rate and utilization are high, especially in the Beijing Olympic Games.Because of Wang Hao starting late and having a long time to adjust, the rate of loss in thisstage is relatively high. Due to the physical weaknesses and the small changes on rhythm,strength, speed, spin, placement of the game, cause the back ball without damage andleaves many opportunities.
5.Wang Hao dependence on tennis pen-hold backhand technology leaded to the lowquality of back ball in the game. The threat of attack is not strong, and the placementchange is little, when wrong, out of mind. Specialty technology must be combined with thecomprehensive technology can occupy an invincible position in any games.
Keywords:table tennis;pen-hold backhand;athletic performance;Olympic games
目 录
1 前 言……1
1.1 选题依据……1
1.2 国内外直拍横打技术研究综述……2
1.2.1 乒乓球直拍技术战术研究……2
1.2.2 直拍横打的技术特点……4
1.2.3 有关王皓的技战术研究……5
2、研究目的与意义……7
3、研究对象与方法……8
3.1 研究对象……8
3.2 研究方法……8
3.2.1 文献资料法……8
3.2.2 录像观察法……8
3.2.3 逻辑分析法……8
3.2.4 数理统计法……8
4 研究结果与分析……10
4.1 近三届奥运会王皓及其对手反手的技术分析……10
4.1.1 雅典奥运会王皓和柳承敏反手技术分析……10
4.1.2 北京奥运会王皓对马琳反手的技术分析……12
4.1.3 伦敦奥运会王皓对张继科的反手技术分析……14
4.2 近三届奥运会发球抢攻阶段对比分析 ……16
4.2.1 雅典奥运会王皓对柳承敏发球抢攻阶段分析……16
4.2.2 北京奥运会王皓对马琳发球抢攻阶段分析……17
4.2.3 伦敦奥运会王皓对张继科发球抢攻阶段分析……19
4.3 近三届奥运会接发球抢攻阶段对比分析 ……20
4.3.1 雅典奥运会王皓对柳承敏接发球抢攻阶段分析……20
4.3.2 北京奥运会王皓对马琳接发球抢攻阶段分析……21
4.3.3 伦敦奥运会王皓对张继科接发球抢攻阶段分析……22
4.4 近三届奥运会相持阶段对比分析……22
4.4.1 雅典奥运会王皓对柳承敏发球轮相持阶段分析……22
4.4.2 北京奥运会王皓对马琳发球轮相持阶段分析……24
4.4.3 伦敦奥运会王皓对张继科相持阶段分析……25
5 结论与建议……27
5.1 结论……27
5.2 建议……28
参考文献……29
致 谢……45
