先秦士人精神生活中古琴的意义研究

　　摘 要
　　
　　本文以先秦时期的士人精神生活作为考察点，研究古琴在士人精神生活中的价值和意义。从古琴的形制、琴人、琴曲着眼，看古琴在先秦时期所呈现出的独特意义。
　　
　　这种意义，对于建构士人与现实生活中的关联，起到了怎样的作用。本文认为，春秋战国时代，诸侯并立，伴随着周统治的实质性衰微，于是“天子失官，学在四夷”.知识下移，士阶层逐渐形成，并具有了自己的生存空间。当士阶层在社会分层中逐渐独立，并且不再依附诸侯和权贵时，逐渐获得个体人格的成长。在这种状态上，古琴，作为一个具有独特意义的乐器，成为士阶层在个体人格的建构上的一个重要象征。通观先秦典籍，我们看到了大量关于士人和古琴的故事，古琴，成为高洁人格的象征，成为“独立不迁”而坚守节操之士的精神信物。从琴器、琴曲到琴人，都在表达着一个强烈而明晰的指向，即是士人通过这个特殊的乐器，建构起自己精神存在的家园。
　　
　　这个精神家园，与权力上层，保持着距离并划开了界限；与普通俗众，也因其疏离而划开了界限。所以说，士人借古琴为自己营造了一座抵御现世侵扰的精神穹庐，我们从先秦琴人之精神中能见到这一典型特征。“琴者，禁也”.就是士人为古琴所给出的戒律，它不是面向大众的娱乐性乐器，而是寄托自己情志的载体；在琴曲里，我们看到的也不是炫耀和欢愉，而是面向自我的沉静省思，或者是面对知音的诉说。由之看来，古琴是一个具有强烈的内倾化的乐器，而不具外在化的娱它功能。它具有伯牙与钟子期的相知相善，具有伯夷叔齐的坚毅坚守。这就是士的精神，取古琴之善而守之。
　　
　　关 键 词：古琴；先秦时期；士人；精神生活
　　
　　ABSTRACT
　　
　　In this paper, the value and significance of Guqin in Scholars' spiritual life during the earlyQin period is studied. The special meaning of Guqin in early Qin period could be understoodclearly from the shape and structure, player and music of Guqin. It was of great impantanceto establish the ralation between scholars and real life. In the Spring and Autumn stage,several governors existed and divided China into several parts. With the power decreasing ofZhou dynasties, the study atmosphere spreaded from the emperor to the lower level people.
　　
　　Then the scholars appeared at this time and they had sufficient space to make greatdevelopment. As the scholars level was separated from the society and when they did notrely on the governors and power level, they formed their personal character. Based on thisbackground, the Guqin regarded as a special instrument was taken as the sign of individualcharacter. So many stories between scholars and Guqin were recorded in the ancient booksand records. Guqin became a symbol of good personality and was treated as the spirit tokenof scholars to stick to their virtue. It had a clear direction from instrument, music and playerfor the scholars to bulid their spiritual home. This special spiritual home was separated withtop power level and maintained a certain distance with them. Also, it was distinguished withgeneral public because of different thinking deepth. Therefore, the scholars established aspirit dome to protect them from disturbing from the society via Guqin, which could beclearly achieved through Guqin players's spirit during early Qin period. “Guqin, forbidden”means that the Guqin is not the entertainment instrument but the emotion carrier. The Guqinmusic expressed not the flaunt and joy but the personal inner heart reflection or bosom friendfeeling. In sum, the Guqin was an instrument with strong expressing function and there wasno entertainment function existing in Guqin. It represented the kind and love between Boyaand Ziqi and the dependent between Boyi and Shuqi. So the conclusion that the spirit ofscholar means taking the advange of Guqin could be obtained in this paper.
　　
　　KEY WORDS: Guqin; Early-Qin dynasty; Scholar; spritual life


　　目 录
　　
　　绪论
　　
　　（一） 研究现状
　　
　　（二）选题角度及研究目的
　　
　　（三）研究方法及意义
　　
　　第一章。 先秦士阶层的产生与其精神状貌
　　
　　第一节 士的产生
　　
　　第二节 士的类型及生存状态
　　
　　第二章。 先秦时期士阶层的精神价值之形成
　　
　　第一节 先秦士人的社会功能
　　
　　第二节 先秦时期士的定位
　　
　　第三节 先秦时期士人风骨之构成与特征
　　
　　第三章。 琴器、琴曲与先秦士人的精神生活
　　
　　第一节 先秦时期琴器之发展
　　
　　第二节 琴人琴曲--典故里隐含的意义
　　
　　第四章。 先秦士人用古琴作为表达精神思想的成因
　　
　　第一节 言志类琴曲表达的士人精神
　　
　　第二节 寄情山水类琴曲表达的士人精神
　　
　　第三节 士人精神在生活类琴曲中的呈现
　　
　　结语
　　
　　参考文献
　　
　　致 谢