摘 要
中等职业教育作为我国教育体系重要组成部分，是我国中等教育大众化的主要承担者，在我国经济和文明建设中承担着不可推卸的责任。当前，我国正处于社会转型期重要阶段，各种矛盾都集结于社会公正性，然而实现社会公正性首先应体现在教育资源的公正性。改革开放 30 年，我国中等职业教育，虽然一直被喊口号，但却一直处于沉默中；国家政策虽然从没有忽略它的存在，却也没有给他应有的地位，自然就不可能发挥他应有的作用。我国中等职业教育在整个教育体系中就像三等公民被歧视，即使它每年要承担接近1/2 的中考毕业落榜生的培育工作。培养这样一批综合素质相对较低的学生按说是一件相对于其他任何一个教育环节更加困难的事，而且这批学生毕业后本应成为社会主义现代化建设生产制造业和服务业的中坚力量，但却因为他们的学业被忽视，学历被歧视，我们的中等职业教育培养的学生只能是社会主义建设中简单且素质较低的劳动力。
18 世纪末，第一次产业革命以来，西方发达国家就开始重视职业教育的发展并通过对其功能和作用的研究给予理论支持进而对其发展模式进行研究。但由于我们国家上下 5000年“学而优则仕”的思想根深蒂固，人们普遍认为“把书本学好的人”才有资格成为国家“栋梁之才”。改革开放后，虽然教育的每一个环节都有突飞猛进的进展，但是我们国家却只把高中和高等教育作为发展教育的重中之重。作为被高中阶段教育分流的一支，我们无可否认，中等职业教育面对的是被我们的教育政策忽略的一群人。就像我们国家以往任何一个年代和时代一样，我们的教育政策把这群人明确归为一类，放任他们的学习和生活或好或坏，甚至没有多少研究是针对他们现状、发展模式和生存状态的研究。这种低素质低能量的长期积累已经成为我们国家与发达国家拉开差距的一个再也无法回避的因素，这是本文研究的主要动机。
中等职业教育发展滞后问题是我们国家整个教育环节长期以来的发展诟病，当前不仅需要国家在整体策略方针上大力支持和引导，更需要结合各地区不同的经济发展状况和人文状况，具体问题具体分析，在对本区域中等职业教育的发展现状进行深入剖析的基础上寻求该地区中等职业教育健康有序的成长之路。鉴于我国中等职业教育长期滞后于经济发展需要的现状，2010 年秋季起，国家相继出台一系列大力发展中等职业教育的利好政策。
各地市也随后根据本地区经济发展状况相继出台了具体实施方案。山东省属于内陆地区，是我国的人口大省和农业大省同时享有孔孟之乡的盛誉，自然受孔孟思想影响更甚于其他省份。所以山东省虽然已成为职业技术教育大省，但是由于长期的职业教育思想过于陈旧，职业教育模式过于单一，长期积累的劳动者素质偏低和技能型人才紧缺等问题已逐渐凸显，职业教育作为现代经济发展中的关键环节已经远远不能满足我省经济社会持续发展的需要。
本文的研究对象是我省中等职业教育现状及问题并试图提出几点建议。我省中等职业学校的学生大多由于小学、初中失败被迫选择中职教育，而且在接受中职教育过程中，中职学校多年形成的慵懒散风气让这些学生互相传染、放大了自己先前的坏习惯，中等职业学校作为教育的主体对中职生的管理虽有无奈但仍有失职之嫌（这主要因为中职生的学业与学校的收入无关）。另外有一组数据我们不得不重新审视，我省初中毕业后选择中职教育的学生和升入高中的学生人数相当（12 年的数据是：40.47 万人和 58.18 万人）；我省每年走上社会的中职教育毕业生已经和大中专毕业生人数相当（12 年的数据是 38.05 万人和 48.26 万人）。如果我们仍然固守现有的中职教育模式，那么我们年复年积累的将是每年将近一半只能从事简单操作、创新能力和发展都比较低的劳动力，而且这些劳动力绝大多数来自农村家庭，那么我们国家整体富强、国际竞争能力的提高、国内贫富差距的消除将要靠谁来实现呢？单纯依靠我们不断扩招的高等教育吗？直接放弃这些初中阶段学习失败选择上中职的学生，任其生长吗？带着这样的问题，我开始收集相关的数据、资料和理论来证实我们的中等职业教育不仅没有有效行使教育应“以人为本”的教育理念，而且中职教育质量已经严重阻碍我省经济发展对人才整体素质提升的内在要求。
本文试图从历史的角度，以中等职业教育的特定对象——中等职业学校学生为研究主线，结合相关理论依据，在分析我省中等职业教育发展现状的基础上找出影响我省中等职业教育长期发展缓慢的诸多因素，并从政府、教师、学校管理和学生自身四个方面入手深入剖析我省中等职业教育在发展过程中存在的主要问题和困境，继而在借鉴国内外先进经验的基础上仍然从以上四个方面着手提出促进我省中等职业教育发展的对策和建议。
关键词：中等职业教育 山东 问题与对策
ABSTRACT
Secondary vocational education as an important part of our education system is the mainbearer of secondary education popularization, bear an inescapable responsibility in building theeconomy and culture of our country. At present, China is in an important stage of socialtransition, various contradictions are assembled in social justice, but to achieve social justiceshould be reflected in the fairness of the first educational resources. 30 years of reform andopening up, China's secondary vocational education, although has been shouting slogans, but ithas been in silence; although there is no national policy to ignore its existence, but did not givehis rightful place, naturally, impossible to play him should some effect. Of secondary vocationaleducation as third-class citizens are discriminated against in the entire educational system, evenif it is close to half of the year to undertake graduate exam test students in development work.
Develop such a relatively low number of the overall quality of students supposedly is a relativeto any other part of an education more difficult, but these students after graduation should be thesocialist modernization of production backbone of manufacturing and services, but because theyneglected their studies, education being discriminated against students of secondary vocationaleducation and training we can only be socialist construction is simple and low quality of thelabor force.
18th century, for the first time since the industrial revolution, Western countries began toattach importance to the development of vocational education and to study its function and roleby giving theoretical support and then study its development model. But because our country5000 years "excellent learning Shi" thinking deeply rooted, it is generally believed, "the book tolearn the man" to be eligible to become the national "pillars of." After the reforms, althoughprogress in every aspect of education has leaps and bounds, but we only put the country in highschool and higher education as the most important development of education. As a high schooleducation to be a diversion, we undeniably secondary vocational education faced by oureducation policy neglected group of people. Like one of our country's and the era ever, oureducation policies put these people clearly classified as a class, letting them learn and live betteror worse, not even a little research for their situation, development patterns and survival studystates. Long-term accumulation of such low quality low energy has become a factor in ourcountry can no longer be avoided widen the gap with the developed countries, which is the mainmotivation for this study.
Secondary vocational education development lag is part of the whole education in ourcountry has long been criticized for development, not only the current needs of the country tosupport and guide the overall strategic direction, but also requires a combination of differentregional economic development and cultural conditions, specific analysis of specific issues ,based on the current development of secondary vocational education in the region carried outin-depth analysis on the growth path seeking a healthy and orderly secondary vocationaleducation in the region. In view of our long-term secondary vocational education lags behind theeconomic development needs of the status quo, since the fall of 2010, the state has issued a seriesof favorable policies to develop secondary vocational education. Around the city also followedaccording to the economic development of the region have issued a detailed implementation plan.
Shandong Province belong to the inland areas, is China's most populated province and a majoragricultural province while enjoying the reputation of Confucius and Mencius, Confucius andMencius naturally affected by even more than other provinces. So although Shandong Provincehas become the province of vocational and technical education, but due to the long thought tooold vocational education, vocational education model over a single, long-term accumulation ofthe low quality of workers and skilled personnel shortages and other problems have beenincreasingly prominent, vocational education as modern economic development has been a keypart of the province can not meet the needs of economic and social sustainable development.
The research object of this paper is my secondary occupation education present situationand the problems and tries to put forward some suggestions. Our province of medium occupationschool students mostly due to primary school, junior high school failure forced choice ofsecondary vocational education, but also in the process of accepting secondary vocationaleducation, secondary vocational schools formed years lazy loose atmosphere so that thesestudents each other, amplifying their previous bad habits, medium occupation schools as themain body of education on Vocational Students' management although the helpless but there arestill duty (this is mainly because the school and School of vocational students income unrelated).
Another set of data we had to re-examine our province after graduating from junior high schoolchoice is quite number of students in secondary vocational education students and senior highschool (12 years of data are: 404700 and 581800); every year in our province to take socialvocational education graduates and college graduates have a considerable number of (12 years ofdata is 380500 and 482600). If we still cling to the existing model of secondary vocationaleducation, then we year after year accumulation will be each year nearly half only engaged insimple operation, innovation ability and development are relatively low labor, and these laborfrom the vast majority of rural households, so our country overall prosperity, improve the abilityof international competition, the domestic gap between rich and poor elimination would dependson who to achieve? We continue to rely solely on the higher education enrollment? Direct giveup these junior high school stage learning failure of secondary vocational students choose, let itgrow? With such a question, I began to collect relevant data, information and theory to confirmthe secondary vocational education is not only the effective exercise of our education should be"people-oriented" philosophy of education, and the education quality of secondary vocationalschool has seriously hindered the economic development of our province overall quality of talentpromotion of the inherent requirements.
This paper attempts from a historical perspective, a particular object of secondaryvocational education - secondary vocational school students to study the main line, combinedwith relevant theory, identify the impact of secondary vocational education in the province basedon the analysis of long-term career development of the province's status quo on secondaryeducation the slow development of a number of factors, and from the government, teachers,school administrators and students themselves four aspects in-depth analysis of secondaryvocational education in our province in the development process the main problems anddifficulties, and then learn from the advanced experience on the basis of still from the above fouraspects put forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the development of secondaryvocational education in our province.
Keywords : secondary vocational education， Shandong ，Problems and Solutions
目 录
摘 要
ABSTRACT
第一章 绪论
1.1 研究背景和意义
1.2 国内外研究现状
1.2.1 国外研究现状
1.2.2 国内研究现状
1.3 研究思路与研究方法
1.3.1 研究思路
1.3.2 研究方法
1.4 本文创新之处
第二章 中等职业教育研究的相关概念及理论基础
2.1 中等职业教育研究的相关概念
2.1.1 职业与职业教育的概念
2.1.2 中等职业教育的内涵
2.2 中等职业教育研究的相关理论基础
2.2.1 需求层次理论及其应用
2.2.2 选择与机会成本论理论及其应用
2.2.3 产业发展理论及其应用
2.2.4 企业战略管理理论及其应用
第三章 我国中等职业教育发展历史变迁
3.1 我国中等职业教育发展的路径综述
3.2 我国中等职业教育产生辉煌的原因浅析
第四章 山东省中等职业教育发展的现状分析及问题探究
4.1 山东省中等职业教育发展概况
4.2 山东省中等职业教育发展的现状分析
4.2.1 学生现状分析
4.2.2 教师现状分析
4.2.3 政策现状分析
4.3 山东省中等职业教育发展存在的问题探究
4.3.1 政府方面的问题
4.3.2 教师方面的问题
4.3.3 学生管理方面的问题
4.3.4 学生方面的问题
4.4 山东省中等职教育发展的必要性、紧迫性和可行性
第五章 国内外中等职业教育先进办学模式及启示
5.1 国外中等职业教育先进办学模式及启示
5.2 国内中等职业教育先进办学经验及启示
第六章 促进山东省中等职业教育发展的对策建议和展望
6.1 促进山东省中等职业教育发展的对策建议
6.1.1 关于政府需要改进对策及建议
6.1.2 关于教师需要改进对策及建议
6.1.3 关于学生管理需要改进对策及建议
6.1.4 关于学生自身需要改进对策及建议
6.2 我省中等职业教育发展的前景展望
结 语
参考文献
致 谢
