摘 要
如果细数西方启蒙运动和文艺复兴给人类留下最为宝贵的财富，非社会契约论与人权观念莫属。一直以来是两者支撑西方自由主义世界的发展。其中，社会契约理论在西方资产阶级革命和改革的过程中扮演了极其重要的角色，并作为政治秩序的一种论证方式受到广泛关注。人权观念则作为个人权利的一种实现手段被不断地加以完善，并通过人权理想的法律规定和真正实现形成了自身良好的发展机制。作为政治秩序论说理论的社会契约论与作为个人权利实现的人权理论同样诞生于启蒙时代，两者又具有同源性。通过对契约论者关涉政治构建与权利意识的经典着作的分析，本文认为：两者在理论构架的过程中具有逻辑一致性，即存在一种作为人权论证模式的社会契约理论的理论传统。将社会契约论人权观作为研究对象的意义在于：以社会契约论为媒介分析人权观念，空泛的人权概念可以得到系统的理论论述；以人权观念为视域考察社会契约论，可以在不同版本的社会契约理论当中发现它们之间以人权为纽带的联系以及对人权价值取向的讨论。社会契约论人权观念之同，在于在这些学说当中，都将政治秩序与个人权利塑造为相互统一的和谐共生体，并试图在进行政治架构的同时，保护基于人类理性能力而形成的关乎人类生存的利益。社会契约论人权观念之异，在于而受理论抱负，时代背景以及研究方式的不同，不同的学者--以霍布斯、洛克、卢梭、康德以及罗尔斯为典型，对待政治秩序都有自己与他人相异的观点，而这些观点深深影响着他们对人权价值追求的不同和人权实现的制度设计的不同--这些都直观的反映在他们在各自社会契约理论当中关于人权的论证里面。因而把握社会契约论人权观的论证思路，既是研究社会契约论人权观的最佳视角，也是本文所欲揭示其内在联系的核心任务所在。
本文认为，社会契约论者试图从秩序进路、道德进路以及公共选择进路上论证作为一种体现人权观念的社会契约理论，并在此基础上围绕人权价值面向展开讨论。这些都丰富了人权观念的内涵，并促进了人权理论的发展。
关键词：社会契约论 人权 论证 理性
Abstract
If you count the valuable asset left by the Western Enlightenment and theRenaissance to mankind, it would surely be The Social Contract Theory and TheConcept of Human Rights. These two thoughts has been supporting the developmentof western world all the time. Among them, The Social Contract Theory plays animportant role in the process of western bourgeois revolution and reform, attractingwidespread concern as a means of political order. As an approach to fulfill one's ownindividual rights, The concept of Human Rights is continually improving, and hasformed its own sound development mechanism through legal rules and realrealization of human rights. Both The Social Contract Theory, a political ordercomment theory and The Theory of Human Rights, the fulfillment of individual rightsare also born in the Age of Enlightenment and have homogenous features. Throughthe analysis of the contract theorists' classic works concerning political constructionand right awareness, this paper insists that they have logical consistency in theprocess of theoretical framework, namely a kind of theoretical tradition of The SocialContract Theory taking as a demonstration model of human rights. The meaning oftreating the view of human rights of The Social Contract Theory as a research subjectlies in that if we use The Social Contract Theory as a medium to analysis the conceptof human rights, the vague concept of human rights would be theoretically discussedin a systematic way; If we examine The Social Contract Theory from the concept ofhuman rights, we would find out their links with human rights as a tie in differentversions of the Social Contract Theory and a discussion about the value orientation ofhuman rights.
The similarity of the concepts of human rights of The Social Contract Theory isthat among these doctrines, it shapes the political order and the individual rights intoa mutually harmonious symbiont and attempts to conduct political structures whileprotecting benefits relating human life which are formed based on human rationalability. The differences of the concept of human rights of The Theory rest with thatdue to different theoretical ambitions, background and research methods, differentscholars - especially people like Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Rawls- havedifferent views on treating political order, and these views deeply affect thedifferences of their pursuit of the values of human rights and of their systematicdesigns of the realization of human rights- all these are directly reflected in theirarguments on human rights in their social contract theories. Therefore, grasping thethought of demonstration of human rights views on The Social Contract Theory viewis not only the best way to study the of human rights on The Social Contract Theory,but also the core task to reveal their inner links.
This paper argues that social contract theorists try to demonstrate The SocialContract Theory reflecting the concept of human rights from the approach of thepolitical order, of morality and of the public choice, and on the basis, it opens updiscussion on the value of human rights. These have enriched the connotation of theconcept of human rights, and also promoted its development.
Keywords:Social Contract, Human Rights, Means of demonstration, Reason
目 录
引 言
（一） 问题的提出
（二） 选题背景及意义
（三） 文献综述
（四） 研究方法
（五） 论文结构安排
一、 社会契约论人权观概论
（一） 社会契约理论的含义及历史背景
（二） 人权的证成--人权观的分类
（三） 社会契约论人权观的概念界定
二、 社会契约论人权观的秩序进路论证
（一） 霍布斯的君权社会契约论人权论证
（二） 洛克的财产权社会契约论人权论证
（三） 秩序论证进路的本质--政治秩序合法性
三、 社会契约论人权观的道德进路论证
（一） 卢梭的社会契约论人权观的道德理想论证
（二） 康德的社会契约论人权观的道德共识论证
（三） 从权利到道德--更完善还是更虚幻
四、 社会契约论人权观的程序进路论证
（一） 民主决策与社会契约论分道扬镳
（二） 罗尔斯的回应--无知之幕下的社会契约论
（三） 沟通理性--罗尔斯社会契约论人权论证的核心
五、 社会契约论人权观的中国意义
（一） 社会契约论的超契约性使人权成为世界问题
（二） 基于对立思维下对社会契约论人权观的错误认识
（三） 正视人权问题的前提--重新认识社会契约理论
（四） 社会契约论人权观对中国特色社会主义人权话语建构的积极影响
结 论
参考文献
后 记
