摘要
由于我国计划生育和独生子女政策的持续推行,近年来,一个新的社会群体一一失去独生子女家庭涌现。据不完全统计,我国目前的失独家庭超过100万个,这个数字还在以每年近7. 6万的速度增长。
中国自古以来就重视家庭和子女,失独家庭由于失去了唯一的子女,家庭结构破裂,失独父母在精神上和生活上都会受到严重影响。更重要的是,在中国现在社会养老机制不健全、主要依靠家庭养老的环境下,失去子女这一赡养人,就很可能使失独家庭父母在年老时陷入养老困境和经济困境,晚年生活尤显悲凉和孤独。
然而,目前学术界对失独家庭关注的并不多,尤其在法学领域,对失独家庭权益保障的研宄较为空白。这些失独家庭当初执行计划生育政策,做出重大牺牲,为社会带来积极效应。现在权益受到重大损害,国家应当积极履行自己的责任,为失独家庭提供全面的保障机制以保护失独家庭的权益。本文从国家补偿说起,在分析失独家庭国家补偿必要性和可行性的基础上,认为国家补偿并不能全面保障失独家庭权益,进而提出社会保险的替代保障方式,希望通过研宄能够探索出失独家庭权益保障的路径,试图更好的保障失独家庭的利益,使失独者老有所依、老有所养、老有所尊。
本文共分为六个部分。第一部分由失独家庭申请国家补偿被拒的事件提出失独家庭权益保障机制的命题。
第二部分主要介绍了失独家庭基础理论:失独家庭的产生缘由以及界定,并在分析失独家庭权益困境的基础上得出失独家庭权益保障的必要性。
第三部分分析了我国失独家庭权益保障的现状。本部分主要从立法和实践两个方面进行阐述,提出失独家庭权益保障的立法悬空以及国家保障义务不足的现实问题并呼吁要对失独家庭进行平等保障。
第四部分是失独家庭国家补偿的理论探索。本部分从我国国家补偿的理论说起,并经过分析认为生育权是一项基本人权,国家计划生育政策有宪法依据,但其本质是对公民生育权进行的限制,在独生子女死亡后沦为失独家庭,权益受到严重损害,国家基于衡平补偿的理念应该对失独家庭予以补偿。本部分着重分析了失独家庭国家补偿的理论基础以及基本构成要件。
第五部分是关于失独家庭国家补偿的具体制度构建。文章提出要明确补偿对象、确定合理的补偿标准、设定具体的补偿范围、规范补偿程序。
第六部分是在前文的分析的基础上认为失独家庭国家补偿具有必要性和可行性,但并不能全面保障失独家庭权益,进而提出社会保险的替代机制。对于失独老人的老年生活保障适用社会保险则能更加全面的保障其利益。
关键字:失独家庭;权益保障;国家补偿;社会保险
ABSTRACT
Due to the implementation of one - child policy, shidu families, theterm for parents those who have lost their only child, have beingemerging on a large scale as a new social group recently. Today in China,there are about one million such shidu families, and the number grows bfabout 76,000 each year.
We Chinese attach much importance to offspring, so shidu familieswill be badly hurt physically and mentally if they lose their only children.Worse, in a country like China where the pension system is weak and thesafety net that the Chinese government provides for thesetightrope-walking families is full of holes, parents count on theiroffspring to support them after they retire. Therefore, losing the onlychild is a devastating financial loss.
Our academic sector has ignored this group, especially in the field oflaw. Those childless parents have made a sacrifice for the country before,so the government should take more responsibility to offer availablemechanisms to protect the rights and interests of them. This article holdsthat we should implement social insurance so as to offer those parentshelp effectively.
This paper consists of six parts. The first part is to raise theproportion 'the rights and interests protection of shidu families' based onthe event that the government refused to compensate shidu families.
The second part lays emphasis on the fundamental theories aboutshidu families, such as its cause, its definition and points out the necessityof protecting shidu parents after analyzing the dilemma of them.
The third part elaborates the current situation and its deficiency ofthe protection system and finds the defects in our laws and regulationsand the social security system and calls for the equal protection for shiduparents.
The fourth part is about national compensation theory of shidufamilies. Fertility rights are basic human rights .The fertility restrictionencroach on parents subject to one - child policy. And now their interestsare seriously hurt and become shidu families. The government issupposed to compensate them. This part focus on the basic theory and itscomponents.
The fifth part puts forward concrete suggestions like the object ofstudy,research scope,reasonable standard and due process.The last part advocates that social insurance is a more effective wayto ensure the benefits of those shidu families.
KEYWORDS: shidu families; rights and interests protection; nationalcompensation; social insurance
目录
引言
一、研究之缘起一失独家庭申请国家补偿被拒
二、失独家庭的产生、界定及权益困境
(一)失独家庭的产生缘由
(二)失独家庭的界定
(三)失独家庭的权益困境
三、失独家庭权益保障之立法现状与实践探索
(一)失独家庭权益保障的立法现状
(二)失独家庭的权益保障的实践探索
(三)现行失独家庭权益保障机制的评价
四、构建失独家庭国家补偿机制的理论基础
(一)我国国家补偿的理论基础与依据
(二)对公民生育权的限制是失独家庭国家补偿的基础
(三)失独家庭国家补偿的理论分析
(四)失独家庭国家衡平补偿的构成要件
五、失独家庭国家补偿制度的具体构建
(一)明确保障对象
(二)确立补偿标准
(三)设定补偿范围
(四)规范补偿程序
六、失独家庭权益保障的可替代途径一社会保险机制
(一)社会保险的作用与意义
(二)社会保险的理论基础
(二)失独家庭社会保险机制
结论
参考文献