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元分析方法探讨儿童期虐待亚类型与抑郁的关系(4)

时间:2017-06-13 来源:心理学报 作者:于增艳,赵阿勐,刘爱书 本文字数:14929字
  4 讨论。
  
  以往研究已证明了儿童期虐待与抑郁等情绪障碍存在密切联系, 但关于虐待亚类型与抑郁的关系研究结果并不全面, 也不尽一致。本研究是国内首次通过元分析技术来整合儿童期虐待各种形式与抑郁的相关研究, 以探讨儿童虐待亚类型对抑郁的影响, 从而全面了解儿童期虐待与抑郁等情绪障碍的关系。
  
  4.1 儿童虐待及亚类型与抑郁的关系。
  
  本研究结果表明儿童期虐待亚类型与抑郁存在密切联系, 这与以往的研究结果是一致的, 两者之间呈现出剂量?反应关系(Hovens et al., 2015;Scott et al., 2012; Spinhoven, Elzinga, van Hemert,de Rooij, & Penninx, 2016)。
  
  1本研究还发现忽视(情感忽视和身体忽视)对抑郁障碍也会产生重要影响, 这与最近的一项元分析结果是一致的(Infurna et al., 2016)。尤其是情感忽视, 它对抑郁的影响仅次于心理虐待。分析其原因,情感忽视与心理虐待很可能是儿童期虐待两种极端形式, 这两种情况都可能导致儿童的无力感并降低自尊, 从而造成以后抑郁等情绪障碍的形成(Shapero et al., 2014)。
  
  关于身体虐待、性虐待和抑郁的关系, 本研究结果有助于澄清早期研究的相关争论。以往少部分实证研究发现儿童期身体虐待(王佳慧, 刘爱书,2015)、性虐待(Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999)与抑郁存在最紧密联系, 但在本元分析中, 相对于其他形式, 儿童期身体虐待、性虐待与抑郁的联系较弱, 这个结果与最近两项元分析研究的结论是一致的(Lindert et al., 2014; Infurna et al., 2016), 但之所以会有部分研究得出不同结论, 其原因可能是选用的被试群体、测量工具等变量的不同所导致的。总之, 我们探讨儿童期不同受虐经历与抑郁关系的研究, 强调的不是儿童期受虐的某种单独形式, 而是儿童期不良经历的差异性, 从而有利于更好的解释儿童期不良经历导致抑郁等情绪障碍的潜在路径。
  
  4.2 儿童期虐待亚类型与抑郁关系的影响因素。
  
  本研究将被试性别、年龄阶段等影响因素看作是调节变量, 探讨其对儿童期虐待亚类型与抑郁关系的影响。
  
  4.2.1 性别的作用。
  
  本研究分析发现被试的性别是儿童期虐待与抑郁关系的调节变量, 其中女性样本比男性样本在儿童心理虐待与抑郁关系上表现的更密切(p <0.05)。这个结果与现有流行病学调查显示女性抑郁发生率大约是男性的 2 倍的结论也是一致的。目前也许可以从神经生物机制来分析性别差异的原因众所周知, 长期在应激压力(如心理虐待、性虐待等虐待形式)的影响下往往会导致下丘脑?垂体?肾上腺轴(HPA 轴)的异常调节, 而 HPA 轴异常调节对引发成年期抑郁等精神障碍会产生重要影响。一些研究者(Weiss et al., 1999; Akbaba Turkoglu, Essizoglu,Kosger, & Aksaray , 2015)认为相对于男性, 女性更易受到 HPA 轴异常调节的影响, 导致神经递质和神经元信号系统的改变, 因而也更容易患抑郁症等障碍。但关于性别对儿童期虐待与抑郁关系的调节作用机制还有待于进一步探讨。
  
  另外, 本元分析中被试仅为男性研究的数量较少, 且对男性的相关测量多局限在心理虐待和身体虐待, 故在进行性别的调节效应分析时受到了较大限制。
  
  4.2.2 年龄阶段的作用。
  
  被试的年龄阶段(青少年, 成年早期、成年中期)也是儿童期虐待与抑郁之间的调节变量, 其中儿童期虐待综合指标与抑郁之间关系在青少年期表现地更加明显。这可能是因为青少年阶段与抑郁症首发的时间比较接近, 关系更加密切(La Rocque,2011)。
  
  该研究结果说明了青少年是一个敏感发展时期, 在这个阶段早期不良经历是抑郁发展的危险影响因素; 另外, 青少年还不具有成年人的自我保护能力, 在这个阶段有可能会遭受新的虐待, 故对青少年抑郁症诊断时, 其早年的不良经历有必要进行分析和评定。而虐待亚类型与抑郁的关系在年龄变量上并没有存在显着差异。以上研究结论皆来自于较小的样本, 仍需要进一步分析验证。
  
  4.3 不足与展望。
  
  本研究的不足:(1)本研究中引入元分析的大部分文献都没有报告儿童期虐待的一些相关信息, 如儿童期虐待的频率、持续时间、严重的程度, 因此无法进行相关分析; (2)本研究中不同潜在调节变量的样本较少且分配不均衡, 会在一定程度上影响分析结果; (3)本研究没有考虑到儿童虐待测量工具、抑郁的类型等因素, 这些变量可能会对儿童期虐待亚类型与抑郁的关系的效应产生影响。
  
  展望:(1)本元分析研究指出了儿童期心理虐待与忽视是抑郁的危险因素, 未来研究应进一步探讨该亚类型与其它情感障碍或行为问题之间关系。(2)未来研究应该包括更加丰富的样本群体, 如男性和老年群体。同时还应进一步探讨其他潜在调节变量,如虐待经历发生的年龄, 虐待经历持续的时间以及虐待忽视的程度, 这有助于更好的归纳儿童虐待经历导致抑郁问题的易感性条件。(3)一些研究结果可以进行临床应用。关于了解儿童虐待经历有助于识别抑郁症易感人群, 临床医师可以通过了解患者儿童期虐待经历, 有助于对抑郁症预兆性诊断。
  
  5 结论。
  
  本元分析发现儿童期受虐经历与抑郁之间存在密切的联系, 尤其是心理虐待与忽视对后期抑郁障碍的影响最大。另外, 被试的年龄阶段、性别可以影响儿童期虐待与抑郁的关系。
  
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于增艳,赵阿勐,刘爱书. 儿童期受虐经历与抑郁的元分析[J]. 心理学报,2017,(01):40-49.
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