【题目】备用信用证形成的历程研究
【引言】备用信用证起源之谜探析引言
【1.1】备用信用证的概念
【1.2 1.3】备用信用证与类似法律制度之比较
【第二章】备用信用证起源之谜的成因
【3.1】“银行不得提供担保”原则的产生与式微
【3.2】开立备用信用证是银行隐含的附属权利
【3.3】法院和银行监管机构对待备用信用证的态度
【结论/参考文献】备用信用证的发明过程分析结论与参考文献
备用信用证在美国的使用已有几十年的历史，从功能上来说与欧洲大陆的独立担保制度基本没有区别，但国内外的主流法学界对于其起源不甚了解，主流的意见认为 1864 年的《国民银行法》（<NationalBank Act>）规定了“银行不得提供担保”原则，银行家为了规避这一原则而发明了备用信用证。笔者通过查询大量的历史和文献资料，发现这一似是而非的结论很难自圆自说，也存在众多漏洞。
本文共分为三章。第一章介绍了备用信用证的概念和性质，分为三节。第一节介绍了信用证的概念、信用证的独立性和单据性原则，并在此基础上引出了备用信用证的概念、交易流程、商业功能和商业价值；第二节将备用信用证与类似的法律制度进行对比；第三节讨论了备用信用证的性质。
第二章阐释了备用信用证起源之谜的成因，分为三节。第一节介绍了《国民银行法》关于银行权限的内容；第二节介绍了针对《国民银行法》的两种解释方法；第三节介绍了法院区分备用信用证和担保的标准——“第一位付款义务和第二位付款义务”。
第三章讨论了备用信用证的实际发展过程，此章分为三节。第一节分析了“银行不得提供担保”原则的产生和式微，这一节以《国民银行法》的广义解释论为起点，分析了“银行不得提供担保”原则的产生、例外及式微；第二节论证了备用信用证本来就属于银行隐含的附属权利；第三节介绍了美国的法院和银行监管机构在实践中对待备用信用证的态度，即二者从来没有否认过备用信用证的合法性。
最后，笔者对全文进行总结并提出自己的观点。
关键词： 备用信用证的起源、银行不得提供担保、国民银行法、第一位和第二位付款义务、越权无效、备用信用证调查报告
ABSTRACTThe standby letters of credit have been developing in the U.S. for acouple of decades. Functionally they are almost identical with independentguarantees which are popular in Europe. However, the origin of standbyletters of credit remains nebulous. Mainstream scholars believe that becausethe <national bank act> stipulated the “no guarantee rule” with which thebanks had to comply, to circumvent this prohibition American banksinvented this new instrument. I could hardly agree with this theory afterreviewing lots of relevant historical and academical materials since I foundthat there are some ambivalence and loopholes which cannot be justified. Ihave come up with my own theory about the origin of standby letters of credit.
This essay is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is about theconception and legal nature of standby letters of credit. This chapter consistsof three sections. The first section introduced the conception of standbyletters of credit, I begin this section with the overview of letters of credit,introducing the concept, the independence principle as well as the documentsprinciple of letters of credit, on the base of which I analyzed the concept,transaction process, comprehensive functions and huge commercial value ofstandby letters of credit; the second section is about the comparison betweenstandby letters of credit and other similar instruments; the third section isabout the legal nature of standby letters of credit.
The second chapter is about the causes of myth of the origin of standbyletters of credit. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first sectionintroduced the relevant contents in <national bank act> about banking powers; the second section explained the two ways interpreting the <nationalbank act>; the third section introduced the “primary and secondaryobligation” criterion to distinguish standby letters of credit and guarantees.
The third chapter is about the true origin and developments of standbyletters of credit. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first sectionanalyzed the origin and decline of “no guarantee rule”; the second sectiondemonstrated that issuing standby letters of credit is an implicit power ofbanks; the third section introduced true attitudes of authorities towardsstandby letters of credit which is that the legitimacy of standby letters ofcredit has never been denied.At the end of this essay, I made my conclusion with regard to the originof standby letters of credit.
Key words: the origin of standby letters of credit, no guarantee rule,<national bank act>, primary and secondary obligation, ultra vires, survey ofstandby letters of credit
目 录
摘要
ABSTRACT
引言
第一章 备用信用证的概念和性质
第一节 备用信用证的概念
一、信用证的一般法律关系
二、信用证的独立原则
三、信用证的单据严格相符原则
四、备用信用证的产生和概念
五、备用信用证的交易流程
六、备用信用证的功能
七、备用信用证的商业价值
第二节 备用信用证与类似法律制度之比较
一、备用信用证与商业信用证
二、备用信用证与担保
三、备用信用证与保证金
四、备用信用证与独立担保
五、备用信用证与流通票据
六、备用信用证与合同
七、备用信用证与货币
第三节 备用信用证的性质
第二章 备用信用证起源之谜的成因
第一节 美国《国民银行法》关于银行权限的规定
第二节 针对《国民银行法》中银行权限的两种解释
第三节 区分备用信用证和担保的标准
第三章 备用信用证的实际发展历程
第一节 “银行不得提供担保”原则的产生与式微
一、《国民银行法》广义解释论的合理性
二、“银行不得提供担保”原则产生的真正原因
三、“银行不得提供担保”原则的式微
第二节 开立备用信用证是银行隐含的附属权利
第三节 法院和银行监管机构对待备用信用证的态度
一、法院对待备用信用证的态度
二、银行监管机构对待备用信用证的态度
结论
参考文献
