摘 要
研究目的:
本研究旨在明确慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念和服药依从性现状;了解家长服药知识、服药信念及服药支持现状;确定患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性的相关关系;分析影响慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素。为进一步提高慢性病患儿服药依从性提供科学依据。
研究方法:
本研究为横断面研究设计,采用方便抽样法选取2018年6月至2018年10月在陕西省某大型三甲医院儿科门诊就诊,且符合纳入及排除标准的慢性病患儿及家长各220例为研究对象,收集资料的工具包含一般资料调查表、患儿服药知识-服药信念-服药依从性问卷、家长服药知识-服药信念-服药支持问卷。
所有资料输入Epi Data 3.1建立数据库,采用SPSS 19.0进行数据分析。数据的统计描述主要采用均数±标准差、中位数±四分位数间距、频数和构成比;数据的统计推断主要采用t检验、单因素方差分析、Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验、Pearson相关分析、Spearman相关分析和多元线性逐步回归分析。
研究结果:
(1)患儿一般状况:220名患儿的平均年龄为12.10±1.928岁,男孩124人(56.4%),女孩96人(43.6%),69名(31.4%)患儿是独生子女,67名患儿正在休学,占30.5%,144名(65.5%)患儿病程在六个月到三年之间,126名(57.3%)患儿每次服药3~6种。220名家长的平均年龄为40.75±6.90岁,男性63人(28.6%),女性157人(71.4%),以母亲居多(148人,67.3%),约半数的家长受教育水平为初中(109人,49.5%),38名家长受教育水平为大学及以上,占17.3%。
(2)患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性现状:患儿服药知识得分为21.04±5.539分,患儿服药知识处于低、中、高水平占比分别为18.2%、43.6%和38.2%。患儿服药信念得分范围为-5~18分,中位数是4,患儿服药信念处于低、中、高水平占比分别为8.6%、10.5%和80.9%。患儿服药依从性得分为14.09±1.858分,66.8%的患儿服药依从性差,33.2%的患儿服药依从性好,四个维度得分由高到低依次为:坚持服药3.72±0.614分,按量服药3.62±0.572分,按次服药3.42±0.595分,按时服药3.30±0.657分。
(3)患儿家长服药知识、服药信念及服药支持现状:220名家长服药知识得分为21.45±5.336分,处于低、中、高水平占比分别为14.1%、42.3%及43.6%。家长服药信念得分范围为-8~12分,中位数是2,家长服药信念处于低、中、高水平占比分别为25.0%、9.1%和65.9%。家长服药支持得分范围为14~24分,中位数是22,47.7%的家长服药支持差,52.3%的家长服药支持好。
(4)患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性的相关关系:Pearson相关分析显示患儿服药知识与服药依从性有显着相关(r=0.162, P=0.017),Spearman相关分析显示服药知识与服药信念无显着相关(rs=0.083, P=0.220),服药信念与服药依从性无显着相关(rs=0.062, P=0.360)。
(5)患儿服药依从性影响因素的单因素分析:对患儿服药依从性有影响的因素有患儿是否能够主动服药(F=12.814, P<0.001)、患儿服药知识(H=7.455, P=0.024)、病程(F=5.114, P=0.007)、因本病是否住过院(t=-2.438,P=0.016)、因本病住院次数(H=11.458, P=0.009)、患儿一天服药的种类(F=4.265, P=0.015)、患儿一次服药的种类(F=5.009, P=0.007)、家长服药信念(F=3.244, P=0.041)、家长服药支持(t=-5.716, P<0.001)。
(6)患儿服药依从性影响因素的多元线性逐步回归分析:家长服药支持(β=0.281)、患儿是否能够主动服药(β=0.222)、因本病住院次数(β=0.145)以及家长服药信念(β=0.131)进入影响慢性病患儿服药依从性的回归方程,校正后的决定系数R2为0.206。
研究结论:
(1)慢性病患儿的服药依从性不容乐观。
(2)慢性病患儿的服药知识与服药依从性呈正相关。
(3)慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素有家长服药支持、患儿是否能够主动服药、因本病住院次数以及家长服药信念。
关键词: 慢性病;患儿;服药依从性;影响因素 。
Abstract
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to identify the medication knowledge, belief and adherence behavior in children with chronic diseases, to understand the medication knowledge, belief and medication support behavior of their parents, to explore the relationship between medication knowledge, belief and adherence behaviors in children with chronic diseases, and to analyze the influencing factors of medication adherence behavior in children with chronic diseases, in order to provide scientific basis for improving the medication adherence of children with chronic diseases.
Methods:
A cross-sectional design was used for this study. Convenient sampling was applied to select the pediatric outpatient clinics of a tertiary hospital in Shanxi Province fromJune 2018 to October 2018, and 220 children with chronic diseases and their parents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited as Participants. The instrumentsfor data collection consist of general information questionnaire, children's medication knowledge, belief and adherence behavior questionnaire, parents' medication knowledge, belief and medication support behavior questionnaire.
All data was input into Epi Data version 3.1 and entered in SPSS statistical software, version 19.0. Data analysis was described by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median and inter-quartiles range, and further analyzed by independent t-test, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson correlation analysis, Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regressions.
Results:
1. 220 children’s mean age was 12.10 ±1.928 years. Boys and girls were 124(56.4%)and 96(43.6%) separately. One-thirds of the children were only children (69, 31.4%) and67 (30.5%) children were absent from school. 144(65.5%) children had a disease duration of 6 to 36 months, and 126(57.3%) children needed to take 3 to 6 drugs eachtime. 220 parents’ mean age was 40.75 ±6.90years. Male and female parents were 63(28.6%) and 157(71.4%) separately. Mothers made up 67.3% of the parents Sample. About half of the parents were educated in junior high school (109, 49.5%). 38 (17.3%) parents were educated at the university level or above.
2. The score for children’s medication knowledge was 21.04±5.539. The children's medication knowledge at low, moderate and high levels accounted for 18.2%, 43.6% and38.2% separately. The children's medication belief score ranged from -5 to 18, with a median of 4. The children's medication belief at low, moderate and high levels accountedfor 8.6%, 10.5% and 80.9% separately. The score for children’s medication adherence was 14.09 ±1.858. 66.8% of the children had poor medication adherence. The scores ofeach dimensionality, from the highest to the lowest, were as follows: long-term adherence (3.72±0.614), proper dosage (3.62±0.572), correct frequency (3.42±0.595), and being on time (3.30±0.657).
3.The score for parents’ medication knowledge was 21.45 ±5.336. The parents’ medication knowledge at low, moderate and high levels accounted for 14.1%, 42.3% and43.6% separately. The parents' medication belief score ranged from -8 to 12, with a median of 2. The parents’ medication belief at low, moderate and high levels accounted for 25.0%, 9.1% and 65.9% separately. The parents' medication support score ranged from 14 to 24, with a median of 22. Parents whose medication support great and bad were 115(52.3%) and 105(47.7%) separately.
4. The children’s medication knowledge was significantly related to medication adherence (r=0.162, P=0.017). There was no significantly correlation betweenmedication knowledge and medication belief in children with chronic disease (rs =0.083, P =0.220), and between medication belief and medication adherence (rs=0.062, P=0.360).
5. In the univariate analysis, whether children initiatived to take the medicine (F = 12.814, P < 0.001), children's medication knowledge (H=7.455, P = 0.024), course ofdisease (F = 5.114, P =0.007), whether children were hospitalized (t =-2.438, P = 0.016), number of hospitalizations (H=11.458, P=0.009), the types of medication to be taken atone day (F =4.265, P=0.015), the types of medication to be taken at one time (F = 5.009, P=0.007), parents' medication belief (F=3.244, P=0.041), and medication support(t=-5.716, P<0.001) influenced the score of medication adherence.
6. In the multiple linear stepwise regressions, medication support (β = 0.281), whether children initiatived to take the medicine (β = 0.222), number of hospitalizations(β = 0.145) and parents' medication belief (β = 0.131) entered the regression model of medication adherence, with an adjusted R2 of 0.206.
Conclusions:
1. The medication adherence of children with chronic diseases is not optimistic.
2.The medication knowledge is correlated with medication adherence among children with chronic illness.
3. The influencing factors of medication adherence of children with chronic diseases are medication support, whether children initiatived to take the medicine, number of hospitalizations and parents' medication belief.
Keywords: Chronic diseases; Children; Medication adherence; Influencing factors。
第一章 引 言
1.1、研究背景及意义
慢性病即慢性非传染性疾病(Noninfectious Chronic Disease, NCD),是指病因不明,病程长且长期危害身体健康的疾病总称[1]。世界卫生组织(World HealthOrganization, WHO)高级别委员会2018年呼吁各国采取紧急行动防治慢性病,并指出这是全球死亡及健康不良的主要原因[2]。慢性病严重威胁中国居民的健康,中国居民慢性病死亡人数占比高达86.6%[3]。众多研究表明,目前儿童慢性病的发病率呈上升趋势[4-6],儿童常见慢性病包括哮喘、癫痫、慢性肾炎、肾病综合征(nephroticsyndrome, NS)及紫癜性肾炎。在美国,大约有25%的儿童及青少年被诊断为慢性病[7],而我国0~18岁孩子患慢性病的比例为3.53%[8]。儿童慢性病如果不能很好控制可能会延续至成人[9, 10],危害重大。由此可见,儿童慢性病的防治已成为世界各地共同面临的挑战。
儿童慢性病病程较长,大多超过三个月,药物治疗是慢性病患儿主要的治疗方式,有些慢性病经过较长疗程的治疗可以痊愈,但有些慢性病不能治愈,患儿遵医嘱服药可以控制病情,避免潜在并发症、病情恶化甚至死亡。服药依从性指患儿服药行为与医嘱规定的服药时间、剂量及次数相一致的程度[11],口服药的治疗效果需要患儿的服药依从性达到一定程度才能保障[12]。有研究指出癫痫患儿服药依从性需要达到95%以上才能有效控制病情,一周一次或两次的漏服可能会导致治疗失败、癫痫发作[13]。因此,良好的服药依从性对慢性病患儿的疾病预后有重要影响。
儿童处于生长发育的关键时期,对疾病的认识及自我管理能力相对薄弱,服药依从性往往比成人低[14],这必然对患儿、家庭甚至社会造成影响。从患儿层面来看,服药依从性差会影响药物疗效,使病情反复甚至恶化[15, 16],延长治疗时间,降低生活质量,不仅如此,长期患病使患儿更易产生焦虑、沮丧、抑郁、自卑等心理问题,影响患儿的生长发育及心理健康[17, 18],最新研究表明儿童期出现的不依从行为模式很可能会延续到成年期[19]。就家庭层面来说,由于服药依从性差使病情反复甚至恶化,会增加家庭成员的精神负担和经济压力[4]。从社会层面来说,服药依从性差会造成药品与医疗资源的浪费,给社会带来不必要的财政负担[20],据统计,在美国,因服药依从性差会导致每年多花费1000亿美元,包括10%的住院费和23%的护理费[21]。因此,慢性病患儿服药依从性受到越来越多的关注。
慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素是多方面的,比成人更加复杂[22]。影响因素大致可分为三个方面:患儿相关因素、疾病相关因素及家庭相关因素,其中患儿相关因素包含患儿的年龄[23]、性别[24]、独生子女否[25]及患儿服药知识[26]等;疾病相关因素包含病程[27]、疾病的严重程度[28]、住院次数[29]、药物副作用[30]及服药方案的复杂程度[31]等;家庭相关因素包含家长的教育程度[32]、家庭月收入[33]、服药支持[31]、家长服药知识及家长服药信念[34]等。
国外对服药依从性的研究比国内早将近二十年,国外20世纪60年代初就已开始,而国内20世纪80年代后期才开展研究[35]。目前国内外针对儿童慢性病服药依从性的研究多为单病种研究[27, 36],涉猎的病种广泛,包含哮喘、肥胖、糖尿病及癫痫等,多病种研究较少。研究者大多围绕患儿服药依从性行为进行研究,较少关注患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性行为之间的关系。影响服药依从性的因素不仅包含人口学因素及疾病相关因素,家庭相关因素中的家长服药知识、服药信念及服药支持也同样对患儿服药依从性产生影响[34]。而家庭因素对患儿服药依从性影响的研究在国内鲜少。
本研究从我国常见儿童慢性病(肾病综合征、慢性肾炎、紫癜性肾炎、哮喘及癫痫)入手,以知信行理论模式(Knowledge-Attitude-Practice, KAP)为依据,在了解慢性病患儿服药依从性现状并全面评估影响因素的过程中,明确患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性之间的关系,为提高患儿服药依从性、进一步开展针对性的延续护理提供依据。
1.2、研究目的及目标 。
1.2.1、研究目的 。
明确慢性病患儿服药依从性的现状及影响因素,为提高慢性病患儿服药依从性、改善疾病预后提供科学依据。
1.2.2、研究目标 。
(1)了解慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念和服药依从性现状。
(2)了解家长服药知识、服药信念及服药支持现状。
(3)明确患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性的相关关系。
(4)分析影响慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素。
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1.3 关键词及定义
1.3.1 慢性病
1.3.2 儿童
1.3.3 服药依从性
1.3.4 服药信念
1.3.5 服药知识
1.3.6 服药支持
1.3.7 家长
第二章 文献回顾
2.1 儿童慢性病概述
2.1.1 儿童慢性病的概念及诊断标准
2.1.2 儿童慢性病的流行病学
2.1.3 儿童慢性病的影响及预后
2.2 服药依从性概述
2.2.1 服药依从性的概念及评判标准
2.2.2 服药依从性的评价方法及工具
2.2.3 慢性病患儿服药依从性的现状及危害
2.2.4 慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素
2.3 理论依据
第三章 研究方法
3.1 研究设计
3.2 研究对象
3.2.1 抽样方法
3.2.2 纳入标准与排除标准
3.2.3 样本含量
3.3 收集资料的工具
3.3.1 一般资料调查表
3.3.2 服药依从性问卷
3.3.3 服药知识问卷
3.3.4 服药信念问卷
3.3.5 服药支持问卷
3.4 资料收集
3.4.1 研究工具的制定和获取
3.4.2 预实验
3.4.3 收集资料
3.5 资料整理与分析
3.6 质量控制
3.7 技术路线图
第四章 结果
4.1 一般资料情况
4.1.1 慢性病患儿的一般资料
4.1.2 慢性病患儿的疾病相关资料
4.2 慢性病患儿的服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性现状
4.2.1 慢性病患儿服药知识现状
4.2.2 慢性病患儿服药信念现状
4.2.3 慢性病患儿服药依从性现状
4.3 慢性病患儿家长的服药知识、服药信念及服药支持现状
4.4 慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性的相关关系
4.5 慢性病患儿服药依从性影响因素的单因素分析
4.5.1 患儿相关因素对慢性病患儿服药依从性影响的单因素分
4.5.2 疾病相关因素对慢性病患儿服药依从性影响的单因素分析
4.5.3 家庭相关因素对慢性病患儿服药依从性影响的单因素分析
4.6 慢性病患儿服药依从性影响因素的多元线性逐步回归分析
第五章 讨论
5.1 一般资料情况分析
5.2 慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性现状分析
5.2.1 慢性病患儿服药知识现状分析
5.2.2 慢性病患儿服药信念现状分析
5.2.3 慢性病患儿服药依从性现状分析
5.3 慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性的相关关系分析
5.4 慢性病患儿服药依从性影响因素分析
5.4.1 家长服药支持
5.4.2 患儿是否能够主动服药
5.4.3 因本病住院次数
5.4.4 家长服药信念
5.5.本研究的局限性
第六章 结论
本研究调查慢性病患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性现状,明确患儿服药知识、服药信念及服药依从性相关关系,分析慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素,得出以下结论:
(1)慢性病患儿的服药依从性不容乐观。
(2)慢性病患儿的服药知识与服药依从性呈正相关。
(3)慢性病患儿服药依从性的影响因素有家长服药支持、患儿是否能够主动服药、因本病住院次数以及家长服药信念。
参考文献