内容摘要
本文探讨基于法律文书之物权变动的相关问题。虽然我国《物权法》已经施行数年，但理论界和实务界对基于法律文书之物权变动进行全面系统研究的论文却并不多见。然而司法实务中基于法律文书变动物权的情形大量存在，如果理论研究不充分，争议将会随之产生。有鉴于此，本文拟对基于法律文书之物权变动进行一次全面系统研究，以期能抛砖引玉。
本文除引言和结语外，共分为四个部分，约三万字。
第一部分考察基于法律文书之物权变动的基本问题以及法律将其作为例外进行规定的理论依据。当法律文书是引起某一动产或不动产物权变动的原因时，物权从法律文书生效时发生变动，公示不再是物权变动的生效要件。此种物权变动规则属于物权变动公示原则的例外。笔者认为法律之所以作此例外规定，是因为在法律文书本身就具有变动物权的效力时，物权变动公示原则作为一种以理性考虑为基础而人为设计的法技术制度，与法律文书所具有的变动物权的效力相冲突。如果此时仍然坚持适用物权变动公示原则，那么法律文书的效力、司法裁判的公信力、权利人权益均得不到维护。有鉴于此，法律经过价值衡量，决定缩小物权变动公示原则的适用范围，转而将因法律文书导致的物权变动作为例外予以规定。
第二部分考察能够直接导致物权变动的法律文书的范围。只有具有广泛形成力的法律文书才能直接导致物权变动，旨在实现、确认法律关系的给付性、确认性法律文书的内容都是宣示性的，不具有变动物权的法律效力。我国法上具有形成效力的变动物权的法律文书有撤销合同的判决书和裁决书、分割共有物的判决书和裁决书、撤销债务人诈害债权行为的判决书。由于执行程序的特殊性，强制执行程序中人民法院作出的拍卖成交裁定、强制以物抵债裁定、不动产物权转移裁定能够直接导致物权变动。而民事调解书、自愿以物抵债裁定书中包含的意思自治成分与形成力理论不符，且将其认定为能够直接导致物权变动的法律文书将无法保证其他债权人的利益。因此，民事调解书、自愿义务抵债裁定书不属于能够直接导致物权变动的法律文书。以物抵债实质上属于代物清偿行为，因此人民法院作出的以物抵债判决书、调解书也不属于能直接变动物权的法律文书。
第三部分考察基于法律文书取得之物权于公示前的效力。基于法律文书取得之物权，于公示完成前，事实物权与法律物权相错位。虽然此种物权没有展示与外部的权利表征，但是也属于效力完整的物权。当原权利人或者第三人有侵害该物权的行为时，该物权的权利人有权行使物权请求权和侵权损害赔偿请求权。然而当第三人出于对物权公示的信赖而与公示所展示的权利人为交易时，交易第三人的利益和真实权利人的利益都有保护的必要性。第三人根据公信力制度取得无权处分之物的物权有过滥之嫌，对真实物权人有过苛之弊，有失权衡。善意取得制度对第三人善意取得物权的情形进行了一定限制，更能平衡二者的利益。因此，当交易第三人善意取得该物权时，真实权利人不能以其物权对抗善意取得物权的第三人，而只能向无权处分物权之人要求损害赔偿。
第四部分考察基于法律文书取得之物权于公示前的处分。基于法律文书取得物权之权利人于公示前可以对其物权为任意的事实上的处分，而法律上的处分与《物权法》第三十一条的规定有关。笔者认为该条仅适用于对非基于法律行为取得的公示前的不动产物权进行以登记为生效要件之处分，且该规范目的在于保证不动产登记簿上物权登记的连续性，而非限制权利人的处分权。因此权利人在完成“取得人登记”前，可以与他人签订债权合同对其公示前的基于法律文书取得之不动产物权进行以登记为生效要件之处分，该合同合法有效。只是在办理登记时，需要先申请办理“取得人登记”,再办理“处分登记”.而对其进行以登记为对抗要件之处分时，协议生效时发生物权变动，但是要待登记后方能产生对抗善意第三人的效力。权利人对其基于法律文书取得的公示前的动产物权的处分与公示后的动产物权的处分相同，但没有占有改定的适用。
关键词：法律文书；物权变动；形成力；处分
Abstract
This article discusses transfer of real right based on legal document. Although “RealRight Law of the People's Republic of China” has been practiced for several years, butcomprehensive and systematic articles about transfer of real right based on the legal documentare rare. However, transfer of real right based on legal document often appears in judicialpractice, if theory is not sufficient, the dispute will follow. Therefore, this article intends toconduct a comprehensive and systematic study of transfer of real right based on legaldocument, in order to be able to start a discussion.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, this article is divided into four parts, about30,000 words.
The first part of this article is abut the fundamental question of transfer of real rightbased on legal document and the theoretical basis that law make it as an exception. In case thecreation, alteration, alienation or termination of a real right is resulted from a legal documentof people's court or arbitration committee, the real right shall come into effect upon theeffectiveness of the legal document, register or delivery is not longer the effective elements ofthe real right's creation, alteration, alienation or termination. This rule is an exception to thepublicity principle in changing real right. I think when legal document itself can cause thecreation, alteration, alienation or termination of real right, if law still requires that real rightshall come into effect after registration or delivery in accordance with law, the effectivenessof legal document, the credibility of legal document, interests of right holder can not beprotected. After measuring the value, “Real Right Law of the People's Republic of China”decided to narrow the scope of publicity principle. Therefore, it is defined as an exception.
The second part of the study focuses on the scope of legal document that can cause thecreation, alteration, alienation or termination of real right when legal document come intoeffect. If a legal document's purpose is to achieve or confirm a legal relationship, it can notdirectly transfer real right. Only legal document that aims to form a legal relationship candirectly transfer real right. The people's court and arbitration commission's documents thatintend to withdraw the contract and part a commonly owned res directly lead to changes inreal right. In addition, verdict that the purpose is to remove debtor's acts against the interestsof the creditor can transfer real right. Due to the particularity of enforcement, court'sdocument that the content is to transfer real right of realty, auction a real right can directlytransfer real right in enforcement proceeding. As arbitration commission's documents that thepurpose is to confirm to offset debt by other things and civil mediation contain autonomyingredients, they can not guarantee the interests of other creditors, it should not be able torecognize it as a document that can directly transfer real right. The people's court's documentthat the content is to offset debt by other things can not directly lead to transfer real right too.
The third part of this article discusses the effect of real right based on legal documentbefore publicity. When real right is created by legal document, real right's true holderdislocate with legal holder before true holder's registration or delivery. Despite this, realright's effectiveness is complete. Where a realty or chattel is under an unauthorizedpossession, the right holder may require the removing of the original object. In case a realright is under obstruction or may be obstructed, the right holder may require the removing ofthe impediment or the termination of the danger. When the third person deal with the realright's legal holder, the interests of the third person and real right's true holder both need tobe protected. Bona fide acquisition system is better than the credibility of the publicity systemto balance the interests of both sides. So when third person acquired the real right in goodfaith from the legal holder, the true right holder's real right can not against the bona fide thirdparty. But the right's true holder can require legal holder for the compensation.
The fourth part of this article focuses on the disposal of real right that is created by legaldocument before publicity. The right holder can dispose the object without any restrictions. Ithink rule 31th of “Real Right Law of the People's Republic of China” is to guarantee thecontinuity of the realty on the realty register, not to limit the right holder's disposal right. Andthis rule only applies to the realty disposal that right shall come into effect after it is registered.
Therefore, the right holder has the right to sign a contract with others to dispose the realitybefore registration. Just in the process of registration, the true right holder needs to registerthe realty in his own name first, then register the realty in the name of the person that get therealty from the contract. When the realty disposal that right shall come into effect before it isregistered, the real right of realty shall be established as of the effectiveness of the contract.
But they shall not challenge any bona fide third party before the real right of realty isregistered in the registration organ. The right holder of the real right of a movable propertycan freely dispose his right without any restrictions. The right holder can dispose likedisposing the real right of a movable property than has correct rights appearance, just can notapply rule 27th.
Key words: legal document; transfer of real right; formation force; dispose
目 录
引 言
一、基于法律文书之物权变动概述
（一）基于法律文书之物权变动的基本问题
（二）将基于法律文书之物权变动作为例外的理论依据
二、能够直接导致物权变动的法律文书的范围
（一）只有具有形成力的法律文书才能直接导致物权变动
（二）我国法上具有形成力的变动物权的法律文书种类
（三）实践中的几个争议问题
三、基于法律文书取得之物权于公示前的效力
（一）对原权利人的效力
（二）对第三人的效力
四、基于法律文书取得之物权于公示前的处分
（一）不动产物权的处分
（二）动产物权的处分
五、结语
参考文献
