体育锻炼论文写作参考10篇之第六篇:体育锻炼对青春期女性BMD的影响
摘要:原发性骨质疏松是中老年女性常见的退变性疾病,青春期和围绝经期是女性一生中最重要的2个阶段。体育锻炼有利于提高骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)水平和改善骨质疏松症,但是体育锻炼在女性青春期和围绝经期BMD作用的具体机制可能存在差异。对近年来临床和实验文献的整理分析,发现对于青春期女性来说体育锻炼促进BMD形成的机制主要与促进相关性激素分泌,增加骨骼肌的强度,促进软骨母细胞分化为成骨细胞相关;而对于围绝经期妇女来说,体育锻炼的目的更多在于降低体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、增加肌肉力量和提高应变能力以预防骨质疏松性骨折的发生,而非直接促进BMD的增加和治疗骨质疏松。
关键词:体育锻炼; 骨密度; 青春期; 围绝经期;
Abstract:
Primary osteoporosis is a common degenerative disease for the middle-aged and elderly women,adn adolescent time and perimenopause time are the most important period for females.Physical activity can improve the bone mineral density(BMD) level and ameliorate osteoporosis,however the concrete mechanism of physical activity on the BMD of adolescent girls and perimenopausal women might be different.We arrived at a conclusion that for adolescent girls,the mechanism of physical activity improving the BMD includes promoting relative sex hormone secretion,strengthening the skeletal muscle strength,inducing chondroblast into osteoblast and so on.For perimenopausal women,the objective of physical activity might be keeping body mass index(BMI) in regular level,strengthening the skeletal muscle strength and reaction ability to prevent osteoporotic fracture,but not increasing BMD or treating osteoporosis directly.
Keyword:
Physical activity; Bone mineral density; Adolescent; Perimenopause;
原发性骨质疏松(Primary osteoporosis)是老年常见疾病,据统计50岁以上的老年人中30%罹患原发性骨质疏松,而在女性中这一比例可达到40%[1].体育锻炼(Physical activity)有利于骨形成,包括促进腰椎、髋关节、桡骨远端骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)的形成[2].而高强度的体育锻炼有利于增加肌肉/脂肪比,从而降低体重指数(body mass index,BMI)水平,促进骨质沉积[3].对于女性来说青春期和围绝经期是影响BMD形成最重要的2个阶段,研究发现成年女性大约35%的腰椎BMD、和超过27%的股骨颈BMD是在青春期这一阶段形成的[4],同时整个人体骨量的85%~90%在青春期末期业已形成[5].而在此之后,人体骨量(BMD)逐渐降低,Carolina Medina-Gomez等[6]在排除基因、生活质量等基线因素影响的基础上探究年龄与全身BMD变化的相关性,发现人体总的BMD水平每隔15 a即会在原水平上降低10%.而在围绝经期后女性骨量丢失的速度则呈现几何级增长[7].按照骨形成与骨吸收标准划分,可以将青春期定义为骨形成>骨吸收时期,而围绝经期定义为骨吸收>骨形成时期[8].在各个时间段体育锻炼对于BMD的影响可能存在差异,因此有必要对体育锻炼对青春期女性和围绝经期女性BMD影响的机制进行探究,分析其差异性,阐述体育锻炼预防骨质疏松的理论依据。
1 体育锻炼对青春期女性BMD的影响
1.1 女性青春期的定义
Tanner等[9]认为女性青春期一般从11岁开始,18岁结束,月经来潮是青春期最显著的标志;而其中又根据第2性征的特点将女性青春前期和青春期具体分为5期,BMD增加主要发生在青春期后期,包括III、IV、V期,各期以乳房、耻骨阴毛变化为分期参考。女性III、IV、V青春期的BMD形成各有特点。
1.2 体育锻炼对青春期女性BMD的影响
青春期女性会经历较大的生理结构变化,包括身高增加、盆腔增宽、声带发育完全等,其中以大脑中枢及生殖系统的变化最为明显[10].MeganM Herting等[11]认为女性青春期脑容量持续增加、大脑白质增加更加明显,中枢神经轴突直径增加、持续髓化,白质与认知、情感、行为及运动密切相关。与男性相比女性中枢改变的年龄更早、同时在核磁扩散张量(DTI)成像上以弥散张量(FA)较低,且以中期(III、IV期)青春期改变最为明显为特点[12].白质改变是青春期中枢改变的基础性环节,大脑白质可以通过垂体性腺轴调控性腺、生殖器官等生殖系统发育,目前看来该期体育锻炼主要通过影响性激素的分泌影响女性BMD的生成。
雌激素(Estrogen)认为是促进成骨、抑制破骨的保护性因素,青春期女性雌激素主要来源于卵巢,通过血液循环到达子宫、血管、骨、心脏和脑等部位发挥调节或营养作用[13].雌激素可通过RANKL/RANK/OPG途径作用于破骨细胞,从而影响骨代谢,而雌激素缺乏可使细胞因子如INF-α,IL-1α等破骨细胞的前体表达上调,增加骨微环境中RANKL活性,最终增加破骨细胞活性[14].Mei-LingYeh等[15]将17项随机双盲试验进行Meta分析,发现女性血液循环中雌激素水平与机体骨密度(BMD)呈现正相关。而补充外源性雌激素则可以显著降低女性骨质疏松性骨折的发生[16].
孕激素(Progestin)与女性青春期BMD的相关性尚不明确,认为可能与孕激素调节成骨细胞线粒体活性,抑制成骨细胞凋亡有关[17].也有学者认为孕激素作为雄激素(雄激素为雌激素的前体物质)的前体物质,可以通过抑制骨吸收发挥促进成骨的作用[18].与孕激素相比雌激素是促进青春期女性BMD增加的主要激素,某些研究发现适当的体育活动可以调节性激素分泌,促进雌激素释放,提早月经初潮的时间[19].
除外刺激相关性激素分泌外,运动,尤其是关节面碰撞的高强度的运动,例如跑、跳等运动,有利于青春期骨骺面骨的形成,具体机制可能包括体育锻炼通过增加肌肉强度,增强与其附着的的骨骼的机械应力,较强的机械应力刺激有利于增加骨皮质厚度和密度[20];同时青春期女性骨中的有机质/矿物质比例较高,通过运动则可以促进骨基质中滋养血管的形成,为骨形成提供丰富的成骨物质[21].青春期女性骨骺软骨细胞增生活跃,动物实验认为运动可以促进小鼠软骨母细胞的分化[22],而Ribeiro Marta等[23]则证实在部分软骨母细胞可以转化为成骨母细胞参与骨形成这一传统认识。
因此对于青春期女性来说体育锻炼促进BMD形成的机制主要在于:(1)促进成骨的雌激素、孕激素等性激素的分泌;(2)增加骨骼肌的强度,通过机械应力诱导骨骼强度增加;(3)诱导骨骼滋养血管形成,为成骨提供丰富底物;(4)运动可能通过促进软骨母细胞分化为成骨细胞等方面。
2 体育锻炼对围绝经期女性BMD的影响
2.1 女性围绝经期的定义
围绝经期也叫绝经期,多发生在女性45~55岁,具体包括绝经前期、绝经期和绝经后期3个阶段[24];绝经即女性月经逐渐断绝,表现为月经由规律转变为不规律,例如周期延长、短缩,淋漓不止、月经量增多或减少,这是一个较为漫长的过程,可以持续2~3 a,甚至10余a[25].据统计约20%~30%的BMD在该期丢失[26].
2.2 体育锻炼对围绝经期女性BMD的影响
围绝经期女性性激素水平剧烈变化,据Rannevik G等[27]的研究在围绝经期末次月经周期中,女性卵泡刺激素(follicule stimulating hormone,FSH)可在平均水平上增加68%以上,而雌二醇、雌激素等分别下降60%和32%.雌激素下降被认为是骨质疏松的危险因素[28],Varga Csaba等[29]的研究发现加强雌激素缺乏小鼠的运动,会诱导血脂水平升高和增加嗜中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase enzyme,MPO)的释放;血脂升高可以通过增加骨髓中脂肪组织沉积诱导骨髓干细胞向成脂祖细胞分化,在降低成骨细胞分化的同时,骨组织中脂肪组织比例增加,降低BMD[30].过量MPO催化次氯酸、3-氯化酪氨酸等过氧化物的释放,诱发炎症反应[31].另外围绝经期妇女在急性剧烈运动后外周血白介素-8(IL-8),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)等炎症因子明显增加[32].而长期炎症反应人群BMD水平显著低于正常人群[33].
围绝经期女性骨质丢失明显,有机质/无机质比例降低,脆性增加。Hsu W B等[34]在体育活动对OVX小鼠BMD影响的研究中证实10 m/min,60min/d,持续8周的体育活动可以通过直接或间接影响OVX小鼠成骨细胞分化促进BMD提高。而Varga Peter等[35]认为对于骨质疏松患者,长期剧烈体育活动可能降低骨质BMD水平,增加疲劳骨折的发生率;而Piasecki J等[36]通过对绝经后妇女BMD与锻炼类型相关性分析发现,与冲刺型短跑锻炼人士相比,慢跑者的BMD平均水平要低10%~14%.更多的研究认为增加绝经期女性体育活动的目的在于降低BMI水平[37],或提升绝经期妇女平衡感和反应能力,降低骨折发生率[38],而非直接提高BMD水平。
因此对于绝经期妇女来说,体育锻炼的目的可能更多的在于降低BMI水平、增加肌肉力量和提高应变能力以预防骨质疏松的发生,而非直接促进BMD的增加和治疗骨质疏松。
3 小结
综上所述,对于青春期女性和围绝经期女性来说体育锻炼对BMD的影响各不同,女性在青春期体育锻炼可以通过刺激性激素释放、骨质沉积、软骨发育等显著增加BMD水平;而体育锻炼对绝经期女性的影响可能更多的在于降低BMI水平,增加肌肉力量和提高应变能力以降低骨质疏松性骨折的发生。
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