美国体育人类学研究综述(6)
来源:体育科学 作者:涂传飞
发布于:2017-04-01 共25272字
在当今全球化背景下,中国体育人类学研究扩大到民族传统体育和现代体育,我们要把所研究的个案放在全球政治经济体系的视角下来阐释。这种全球化的研究视角有助于中国体育人类学研究走向更加开放,并更好地与国际接轨1全球化时代的体育与人类社会的方方面面密切相关,需要我们对其进行跨学科研究,这也对我国体育人类学学者的跨学科研究能力提出了更高的要求。近年来,我国人类学、民族学等学科的相关学术组织经常会组织一些关于人类学理论与方法的进修班,如“中国人类学民族学中青年学者高级研修班”等。我国体育人类学界的学人可以争取参加这类研修班,以提升自身进行多学科研究的综合能力。
5.5.2权力视角
随着福柯的实践理论和后现代思想观在美国体育人类学研究中的影响加剧,越来越多的美国体育人类学学者从“权利”“意识形态”等视角来进行研究。由于我国体育人类学研究对象多集中于民族传统体育,加之格尔茨的象征人类学理论在当前比较流行,导致我国体育人类学研究对权力的探讨不够。“我国体育民族志反思性研究也表现出一定程度的不足,较少出现专门探讨权力关系。”[5]在中国,权力观念历史悠久,体育与政治、体育与意识形态、体育与权力都有密切关系,从权力的视角来进行体育人类学研究,无论是从个案还是从理论探索上,都有潜力为丰富体育人类学研究做出更大的贡献。
5.6应用研究的启示
总体来看,美国体育人类学研究现在也注重应用研究,而且,这些应用研究大都是建立在民族志个案研究的基础上。在当前我国强调学术应用论的浮躁时代,我国的许多体育人类学研究成果(主要是民族传统体育研究成果)在缺乏扎实的民族志的基础上就匆匆忙忙地提出了各种对策和建议。美国体育人类学应用研究给我们的启示是,中国体育人类学研究要在应用研究有所作为,就必须先注重坚实的民族志调查和写作。
此外,美国体育人类学研究对象已扩大到全球语境下的现代体育,其应用研究重点关注的是全球化视角下人类社会所面临的各种民生问题。当前,中国体育人类学研究对象主要集中在民族传统体育和村落体育,应用研究也主要局限于民族传统体育的传承发展上,而对现代社会中的民生问题涉及不多。美国体育人类学的应用研究给我们的启示是,除了继续关注我国民族传统体育的传承发展以外,也应该胸怀世界,心系人类社会的民生问题,从以上两个方面来开展应用研究才能体现中国体育人类学研究的担当和人文关怀。
6结束语
美国体育人类学研究积累了丰硕的成果,在全世界的体育人类学研究领域处于领头羊的地位。进入后现代研究范式时期,美国体育人类学研究在理论范式、研究对象、研究议题、研究视角、研究方法、应用研究方面也呈现出一些新的发展趋势。但是,美国体育人类学研究在学科建制、研究队伍、理论范式、民族志等方面也都面临着一些困境。回顾美国体育人类学研究的演进历史,无论是经验还是教训,趋势还是困境,都值得中国体育人类学界学习与借鉴。
有学者略带忧虑地表示,中国体育人类学研究在未来也面临着一些挑战,主要有:一是在中国人类学/民族学界尚未确立自己的地位;二是中国体育人类学研究者尚无突出成果,三是在国际体育人类学交流中尚未寻找到有效途径;四是绝大多数高校体育系未开设体育人类学课程[3].笔者以为这些既是挑战,更是机会。这就需要我们进一步总结西方发达国家体育人类学研究的经验和教训,并以此来关照和完善我国的体育人类学研究,以更为开放的视野和更为扎实的民族志研究成果来进行跨学科、跨国界、跨文化的交流和比较,不但以上问题可以迎刃而解,而且中国体育人类学研究将走上更为稳健的发展道路。
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原文出处:涂传飞. 美国体育人类学研究进展及对中国体育人类学研究的启示[J]. 体育科学,2017,01:68-80.
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