摘要
随着人类社会的进步,人权也在随着社会的进步发展到一个新的阶段。我国儿童的权利保护问题也越来越受到关注。教育是孩子发展进步的前提,而在孩子们受到社会、学校教育之前,最重要的是对孩子的家庭教育。家庭教育贯穿于一个人生长、成长的整个过程。在家庭教育中,父母起着无可替代的作用、承担着无可推卸的责任。
我们国家绝大部分家庭的经济水平相比较之前已经有了很大的进步、质的飞跃,大部分家庭的孩子是在家长的宠爱和尽心保护下健康成长,亲子关系更多的是温情、温馨的画面。但是仍有很多孩子的权利受到侵害,让人感觉痛心。本来童年是应该无忧无虑的,但是却因为种种原因,有的孩子在成长过程中已经饱尝艰辛与不幸。
爱护儿童是我国的优良传统,但是,这并不表明已把儿童视为权利的主体。事实上儿童只是权利的客体或者被保护的对象,儿童并不享有相应的法律地位。受这种传统文化状况的影响,长期以来我国在儿童权利保护法律制度方面一直难以有实质性进展,这种状况在 20 世纪 80 年代后才有所改观。近 30 年来,我国先后制定了一系列儿童权利保护的立法,既包括一般性儿童保护立法,还包括许多专门性立法,使得我国儿童保护立法逐步提高,初步形成了儿童权利保护体系。但在客观上,我国的儿童权利保护尤其是儿童在家庭权利保护方面仍不容乐观。
本文主要分为四部分。第一章从介绍古代的亲子伦理的特点入手,分析了传统亲子伦理观的现代价值及其局限性;第二章介绍儿童的“诞生”,将“儿童”的法律界定从国际法和国内法两方面进行了说明,并介绍了儿童在家庭中应享有的主要权利;第三章结合我国传统的家庭亲子伦理观念,剖析了儿童家庭权利的法律保护现状、存在问题以及成因问题;最后,从观念和法律制度等方面提出儿童家庭权利保护的法律对策及路径。
关键词:亲子伦理;儿童;家庭权利;权利保护;
Abstract
With the progress of human society, human rights are also with the progressof social development to a new stage. The problem of children's rightsprotection in China is becoming more and more attention. Education is theprecondition of child development and progress, and before the children bysociety, school education, is the most important thing for children's familyeducation. Family education through a personal growth, the whole process ofgrowing up. In family education, parents play an irreplaceable role, noshirking the responsibility. In comparison with the economic level of ourcountry most of the family before a qualitative leap, has had the very bigprogress, most of the children of a family is at home long love and protectthe healthy growth, parent-child relationship is more of a warm, sweet picture.
But there are still a lot of children's rights are violated, let a person feelsad. Childhood should be carefree originally, but because of various reasons,some children in the process of growth has endured hardship and misfortune.
Take good care of children is a fine tradition of our country, however,this does not mean the rights of children have been regarded as the main body.
In fact children is the object of rights or protected object, children do nothave the corresponding legal status. Influenced by the condition of thetraditional culture, for a long time in our country in the aspect of children'srights protection law system has been difficult to have substantial progress,the situation changed in the 1980 s. For nearly 30 years, China has formulateda series of children's rights protection legislation, both in general childprotection legislation, also includes many specialized legislation, make ourchild protection legislation gradually increase, initially formed thechildren's rights protection system. But objectively, our country to protectthe rights of children, especially children's rights protection in the familyis still not optimistic.
This article mainly divides into four parts. The first chapter, from theperspective of the features of the ancient parent-child ethics, analyzes themodern value and limitations of traditional parent-child ethics; The secondchapter presents the “birth” of children, defines the law of “children”
described from two aspects of international law and domestic law, andintroduces the children in the family should be the main rights;The thirdchapter combines the traditional family parent-child ethics in our country,analyzes the status quo of legal protection of the rights of the child family,problems and causes of problems;Finally, from the perspectives of conceptand legal system, puts forward some countermeasures for children's familyrights protection law and path.
Key words: parent-child ethics; Children; Family rights; Rightsprotection;
目录
摘要……I
Abstract……II
目录……IV
导论……1
一、问题的缘起 ……1
二、选题的意义 ……1
三、研究方法 ……2
四、本文特色 ……2
第一章 传统亲子伦理观评析……3
一、古代亲子观的特点 ……3
(一)亲子关系等级性……3
(二)父“慈”……4
二、传统亲子伦理观的现代价值 ……5
(一)追求家庭秩序……5
(二)“父慈子孝”的本分规定体现了家庭成员的责任意识……6
(三)关于“子也有三年之爱于其父母乎”的感恩精神……6
三、传统亲子伦理观的局限性 ……6
(一)“父尊子卑”的严格宗法等级制……6
(二)“子”代主体的缺失……7
第二章 儿童的“诞生”及其家庭权利的界定……8
一、儿童的“诞生” ……8
(一)我国历史上的“儿童”……8
(二)儿童权利的发现……9
(三)关于对儿童独立人格的承认……10
二、儿童的法律界定 ……11
(一)国际公约对儿童的法律界定……11
(二)我国立法对儿童的法律界定……12
三、儿童家庭权利重要内容 ……12
(一)独立人格……12
(二)生存权……13
(三)发展权……13
(四)参与权……14
(五)休闲与娱乐权……14
(六)财产权……15
第三章 儿童家庭权利法律保护现状及其成因分析……16
一、儿童家庭权利保护的现状 ……16
(一)亲子关系平等……16
(二)尊重子女独立人格……17
(三)儿童权利保护法律制度体系基本形成……17
二、我国儿童家庭权利保护存在的主要问题 ……19
(一)非立法层面……19
(二)立法层面……22
三、儿童家庭权利保护问题的成因分析 ……25
(一)传统亲子伦理中家长主义的儿童观是根源……25
(二)对儿童的保护性政策缺乏执行力……26
(三)儿童权利教育缺乏……26
第四章 儿童家庭权利保护的对策和法律路径……28
一、儿童家庭权利保护的对策 ……28
(一)完善亲子伦理的文化环境……28
(二)更新儿童法律理念,树立现代儿童权利观……29
二、儿童家庭权利保护的法律路径 ……29
(一)突出儿童权利的法律地位……30
(二)明确规定“儿童最大利益”原则……30
(三)进一步完善针对儿童家庭保护立法……31
(四)规范儿童权利法律保护的机构……32
结语……34
参考文献……35
致谢……40