摘要
对人类而言，海洋与人类生活息息相关，紧密相连。随着世界经济的快速发展，人类对海洋的幵发利用日益频繁，海洋权益保护越来越受到世界各国的重视。制定海洋方面的基本法、建立综合性的海洋执法体制以及组建专门的海上执法机构已经成为当今世界的主要发展潮流。今年3月10日，十二届人大一次会议审议通过国务院机构改革和职能转变方案，将现国家海洋局及其中国海监、公安部边防海警、农业部中国渔政、海关总署海上缉私警察的队伍和职责整合，重新组建国家海洋局，由国土资源部管理。国家海洋局以中国海警局名义开展海上维权执法，接受公安部业务指导。
方案还提出，设立高层次议事协调机构国家海洋委员会，负责研究制定国家海洋发展战略，统筹协调海洋重大事项。这将彻底解决过去海上执法力量分散、重复检查、重复建设等问题，有效改变海洋执法效能不高，维权能力不足的问题。
本论文就是以研究我国海洋执法改革的重大意义和遇到的现实问题为基础，结合国家海上维权执法的实践经验和其他国家海洋执法的成熟模式，探讨现实情况下国家海上执法力量整合的可行模式，希望通过研究为我国海洋执法的改革提供一定的帮助。文章共分为五章，第一章分析当今世界对该问题研究现状的基础上，提出建立健全海洋执法工作的重要意义。第二章阐述海洋行政执法的基本理论问题，形成对海洋行政执法整体上的认识。第三章是研究当前我国海上执法维权实践，总结经验，并结合周边日本、韩国、新加坡三国海洋管理体制，寻求可供借鉴的模式和方法，为我国海上执法改革提供现实经验依据。第四章对当前正在进行的海上执法机构整合改革的现实意义进行分析归纳，从实际操作层面提出改革过程中遇到的问题，需要我们正确认识并在改革的过程中妥善处理。第五章是本文的重点，就整合海上执法力量提出具体的设想并进行可行性分析研究，即构建以现役制为主体，职业制相结合的准军事化海上执法力量，授予警察权；同时以点带面，局部试点，再全面推广，力求发挥出机构、人员、装备、基础设施整合的最佳效果，为国家海洋战略的实现打下坚实基础。
关键词：海洋行政执法改革研究建议
ABSTRACT
For human beings, ocean is closely related to their lives and closelylinked. With rapid growth of the world economic, human exploitation andutilization of the ocean are increasingly frequent and many countries pay moreand more attention to the marine rights protection. Now the world' s maindevelopment trends are: to formulate the basic law for ocean activities, toestablish comprehensive marine law enforcement systems and to build specializedmaritime law enforcement agencies. On March 10 this year, the program of theState Council' s institutional reform and functional transformation has beendeliberated and got passed at the meeting of the second session of the NationalPeople' s Congress. The program integrates the State Oceanic Administration,the National Maritime Surveillance, the Border Maritime Police of the Ministryof Public Security, the Chinese Fishery Administration of Ministry ofAgriculture and the Anti-smuggling Police of General Administration of Customs,reorganizes the State Oceanic Administration which is managed by Ministry ofLand and Resources. The State Oceanic Administration carries out maritime rightsenforcement under the Ministry of Public Security' s operational guidance, withthe name of the Administration of Chinese Maritime Police. The program alsoproposes to set up a high-level deliberation and coordination agency calledNational Oceanic Commission, which is responsible for the study and formulationof national oceanic development strategy and the co-ordination of marinesignificant matters. It will completely resolved the problems of maritime lawenforcement forces dispersed, repetitive inspections and redundant constructionin the past, and effectively change the low efficacy of the marine law enforcementand the insufficient of right-maintained ability.
Basis on the study of the problems in our country' s marine law enforcementand analyzing the main causes, the thesis combines with mature experience ofother countries, to inquire into the feasible modes for the national maritimelaw enforcement force integration under current situation. Hope the study canprovide some help to the reform of our country' s marine law enforcement. Thearticle includes six chapters: In the first chapter, it analyzes the currentstudy situation of this problem in today' s world and points out the Importanceof establishing and improving the maritime law enforcement. The second chapteranalyzes the administrative law enforcement and elicits the basis theory of themaritime administrative law enforcement, to form an integral understanding ofthe maritime administrative law enforcement. In the third chapter, it elaboratesthe present situation of our country' s marine law enforcement, to get theintegral understanding of our country' s marine law enforcement and coming outthe existent problems, through analyzing the current situation of legislation,marine law enforcement team and marine law enforcement system. The fourth chapteranalyzes foreign countries' maritime law enforcement situations include Japan,South Korea and Singapore' s marine law enforcement systems, marine legislationsand specialized marine law enforcement agencies, to find out experience whichcan be used in our country. The fifth chapter put forward the reform directionof improving maritime law enforcement, include promoting the awareness of marineprotected, accelerating the marine legislation and improving marine lawenforcement systems. The sixth chapter is the emphasis of this article. It putforward the specific envisions and analyzes their feasibility for the maritimelaw enforcement force integration. That is to construct active service systemas the main and career system combining' s paramilitary maritime law enforcementforce with the police power. At the same time, to make use of the experienceof selected units to promote work in the entire area, and strive to exert theagency, personnel, equipment and infrastructure integration' s best effect, tolay a solid foundation for the realization of national maritime strategy.
KEY WORDS: Marine, Administrative Law Enforcement, Reform, Advise
目录
第一节课题的来源
第二节国内外研究现状、水平及发展趋势
一、国内研究现状
二、国外研究现状
第三节选题研究的目的
第二章海洋行政执法痛念及任务
第一节海洋行政执法的概念
一、海洋行政执法的主体
二、海洋行政执法的客体
第二节海洋行政执法的任务
一、维护海上治安、制裁违法行为
二、加强海洋环境保护、监管海洋资源开发
三、维护国家海洋权益、中外海洋行政执法实般其启示
第一节屮国与周边国家海上冲突及其启示
一、钓鱼岛冲突及其启示
二、黄岩岛冲突及其启示
三、中越南海争端及其启示
第二节周边国家海洋执法体制及其启示
一、口本海洋执法管理体制
二、韩国海洋执法管理体制
三、新加坡海洋执法管理体制
四、三国海洋执法管理体制对我国的启示
第四章国家海洋行政执法机构整合的前景及问题分析
第一节重组国家海洋局的重要意义
一、有利于完善国家“海洋强国”战略顶层设计
二、有利于提升海洋执法工作效率
三、有利于提升海洋争端的应对能力
四、有利于避免重复投入造成浪费
五、有利于开展国际执法交流合作
第二节国家海洋行政执法机构整合的问题分析
一、海警局法律地位问题
四、国土资源部领导现役制武装警察问题
第五章额海洋行政执法改革方向
第一节加快海洋立法
一、梳理出我国海洋法律的脉络
三、加快制定和基本法配套的法律法规
四、协调海洋执法类法律和行政处罚法等法律的关系
第二节完善海洋执法管理体系
一、尽快发挥国家海洋委员会的作用
二、建立高效的海上执法指挥系统
三、构建紧密的跨部门协作机制
第三节打造准军事化的海上武装执法力量
一、海警局海洋警察权的取得
（一）海洋警察权的基本内容
（二）海洋警察权的取得
（三）拥有武器警械使用权
二、海警局以现役制武装警察为主体
（一）以现役制为主、职业制为辅
（二）实行现役制有坚实的基础
三、开展海上综合执法试点
（一）选取三沙市先行作为海警执法试点
（二）总结经验全国范围推广
四、强化海上维权执法实战能力
（一）探索重点海域执法巡航模式
（二）组建海警局维权执法特勤队
五、提高海警队伍素质和装备水平
（一）培养引进高素质专业人才
（二）加强海洋维权执法装备建设
结语
参考文献
