¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÊÇÒ»ÃÅÓ¦ÓÃÐÔµÄÐÐΪ¿Æѧ£¬Æ亸ǵÄÁìÓò°üÀ¨ÐÄÀíѧ¡¢Éç»áÐÄÀíѧ¡¢Éç»áѧ¡¢ÈËÀàѧ¡£ÏÖ´Ó×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ½Ç¶ÈÑо¿ÆóÒµ¹ÜÀí£¬ÆóÒµ¹ÜÀíÕßÒªÉîÈëѧϰÁì»á×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄʵÖÊ£¬Áé»îÔËÓÃ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÀíÂÛ£¬ÎªÆóÒµ´´Ôì¸ü´óÀûÈóµì¶¨»ù´¡¡£ÏÂÃæÊÇËÑË÷ÕûÀíµÄ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ¿Î³ÌÂÛÎÄ8ƪ£¬¹©´ó¼Ò²Î¿¼ÔĶÁ¡£
×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ¿Î³ÌÂÛÎĵÚһƪ£º¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÐ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄÔËÓÃ
¡¡¡¡ÕªÒª£º±¾ÎÄ»ùÓÚ¶ÔȺÌå½á¹¹¡¢È˼ʼ¼ÄÜ¡¢³åÍ»¹µÍ¨¡¢Á¼ÐÔ¹¤×÷·ÕΧµÄ¿¼ÂÇ£¬×ÅÖØ·ÖÎöÁË¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷ÃæÁÙµÄÀ§¾³ºÍ´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌ⣬̽ÌÖÔËÓÃ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ½øÒ»²½¸ÄÉÆ¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷ЧÂʵÄÐÐΪָÄϺÍÓÐЧ°ì·¨¡£
¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ; »üºË; ¿ç¹úÆóÒµ;
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷ÃæÁÙµÄÀ§¾³
¡¡¡¡»üºËÊÇ»ü²éºÍ¸´ºËµÄ¼ò³Æ£¬ÊÇÖ¸»üºËÈËÔ±¼ì²é»òÕßÉóºË±¾µ¥Î»»á¼ÆºËËãµÄÒ»ÖÖÄÚ²¿¼à¶½¹¤×÷¡£ÔÚÆóÒµÄÚ²¿½¨Á¢ºÍʵÐлüºËÖƶȣ¬ÊÇ¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹ú»á¼Æ·¨¡·µÄÇ¿Öƹ涨¡£»üºË¹¤×÷µÄÖ÷ÒªÈÎÎñ°üÀ¨Á½·½Ã棺һÊÇ·¢Ïֺ;ÀÕý±¾µ¥Î»»á¼ÆºËËãÖÐÒò»á¼ÆºËËãʧÎó¡¢Êèºö»òÎó½â¾¼ÃÒµÎñʵÖÊ¡¢»òÎóÓûá¼ÆÕþ²ßµÈ¸÷ÖÖÔÒòÔì³ÉµÄ»á¼Æ²î´í£¬±£Ö¤ÆóÒµ»á¼ÆÐÅÏ¢ÖÊÁ¿£»¶þÊÇÂÄÐлá¼Æ¼à¶½Ö°Ôð£¬Ö´ÐÐÓÐЧµÄÆóÒµÄÚ²¿»á¼Æ¿ØÖÆ£¬ÊµÊ©·´Îè±×¡£
¡¡¡¡¶Ô¿ç¹úÆóÒµ¶øÑÔ£¬ÔÚʵʩ×ÔÖ÷Æ·ÅÆ“×ß³öÈ¥”µÄ¹ú¼ÊÕ½ÂÔÖУ¬Àë²»¿ª¶ÔÐÂÊг¡¡¢Ð²úÆ·¡¢Ð¼¼ÊõµÈ·½ÃæµÄ´óÁ¿×ʽðͶÈë¡£¾Þ´óµÄ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×Á¿¡¢¿ç¾³Ö§¸¶¡¢¾³ÍâƱ¾Ý¡¢¹ú¼ÊÌõÔ¼ÒÔ¼°Íâ¼®Ô±¹¤ÎÄ»¯½ÌÓý±³¾°£¬¶¼¸øÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷´øÀ´ÁËÇ°ËùδÓеÄÄѶȡ£
¡¡¡¡´Ó¿ç¹úÆóÒµÄÚ²¿¹ÜÀíµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÀ´¿´£¬»üºËÊÇ»á¼Æ¹¤×÷µÄÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬¼ÓÇ¿»üºË¹¤×÷ÊÇ×öºÃ»á¼ÆºËË㹤×÷µÄÖØÒª±£Ö¤¡£µ«¿ç¹úÆóÒµÄÚ²¿»üºËÈËÔ±ÔÚÂÄÐлüºËÖ°Ôðʱ£¬³£»áÓöµ½»üºË¶ÔÏó´æÔÚ²»ÈÏÕæÅäºÏ¡¢Ïû¼«¶Ô´ýµÈÖ÷¹ÛÇéÐ÷£¬Óë»üºËÈËÔ±¹µÍ¨Ê±¶Ô´æÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ±ÜÖؾÍÇᣬÉèÖÃÕÏ°£¬Ó°Ïì»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÊÁ¿µÈʵ¼ÊÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢ÔËÓÃ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÑо¿ÎÊÌâµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÊÇÒ»ÃÅÓ¦ÓÃÐÔµÄÐÐΪ¿Æѧ£¬ÔÚÐÄÀíѧ¡¢Éç»áÐÄÀíѧ¡¢Éç»áѧ¡¢ÈËÀàѧµÈÖÚ¶àÐÐΪ¿Æѧ·ÖÖ§µÄ»ù´¡ÉϽ¨Á¢ÆðÀ´£¬ÒÔ¸ÄÉÆ×éÖ¯¼¨Ð§ÎªÄ¿µÄ£¬Ì½ÌÖ¸öÌ塢ȺÌåÒÔ¼°½á¹¹¶Ô×éÖ¯ÄÚ²¿ÐÐΪµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÔÚ¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷ÖУ¬²»½öÐèÒªÑо¿»üºËÖƶȡ¢»üºË¼¼Êõ·½·¨ºÍ²Ù×÷¹æ³Ì£¬»¹ÒªÑо¿×éÖ¯ÎÄ»¯¡¢Ô±¹¤ÐÐΪ¡¢È˸ñÇéÐ÷ºÍµÀµÂ¹æ·¶¡£
¡¡¡¡»ùÓÚ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÊӽǶøÑÔ£¬ÆóÒµÄÚ²¿µÄÔ±¹¤²¢²»ÐèÒª¼Ù¶¨Îª´¿´âÀíÐÔÐÐΪÕߣ¬ÆäÔÚÆóÒµÖеÄÐÐΪ¡¢×öÊ·½Ê½£¬ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÔ¤²âºÍ¹ÜÀíµÄ¡£ÃÀ¹úÖøÃû¹ÜÀíѧ¼ÒFred Luthans½ÌÊÚ¹ØÓÚ“¹ÜÀíÕß×÷ʲô”µÄÑо¿ÆôʾÎÒÃÇ£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö×éÖ¯µÄÄÚ²¿£¬ÈËÓëÈËÖ®¼äµÄÉç»á½»ÍùÄÜÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°ÓëȺÌåÏà¹ØµÄÕþÖÎ˼άÄÜÁ¦ÏÔµÃÓÈΪÖØÒª¡£¶ÔÓÚ»üºËÈËÔ±¶øÑÔ£¬ÐèÒª½«È˼ʽ»ÍùÄÜÁ¦×÷ΪÌáÉýÖ°ÒµËØÑøµÄÖØÒªÄÚÈÝ£¬³ä·ÖÀí½â×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄȨ±ä¹Ûµã£¬ÉÆÓÚ·¢ÏÖºÍ×ܽá¹éÄÉÔÚ¿ç¹úÆóÒµÄÚ²¿£¬¸÷¹ÜÀí²ã¼¶¡¢¸÷ÊÂÒµ²¿¡¢¸÷·ÖÖ§»ú¹¹µÄÔ±¹¤¸öÌ塢ȺÌåºÍ½á¹¹¶ÔÔ±¹¤ÐÐΪµÄÓ°Ï죬»ý¼«Ñо¿Çé¾°±äÁ¿´ïµ½µ÷ÕûÒò¹ûÖ®¼ä¹ØϵµÄÄ¿µÄ£¬²ÅÄÜʹ»üºË¹¤×÷¸üΪÓÐЧ£¬È¡µÃ¸ü¼ÑЧ¹û¡£
¡¡¡¡´Ó×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ½Ç¶È·ÖÎö£¬»üºËÈËÔ±Èç¹û¶Ô»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄÐÄÀí·ÖÎö²»¹»µ½Î»£¬¶ÔÆäÐÐΪ¹æÂɵİÑÎÕ²»¹»×¼È·£¬¾ÍÈÝÒ×Ôì³É»üºË¹¤×÷ÄÑÒÔÈ¡µÃÔ¤ÆÚµÄЧÂʺÍÓ¦ÓеÄЧÒæ¡£
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄ˼·ºÍ·½·¨
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÑо¿Ïà¹ØÎÊÌâµÄ˼·ºÍ·½·¨£¬¶Ô¿ç¹úÆóÒµµÄ»üºËÈËÔ±ÈçºÎÓÐЧµØ»¯½â»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÐÃæÁÙµÄÀ§ÄѾßÓÐÖØÒªÆô·¢×÷Óá£Ò»Ïî»ùÓÚ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄÑо¿½áÂÛÖ¸³ö£¬ÔÚ×éÖ¯ÄÚ²¿£¬Ô±¹¤µÄÐÄÀí״̬ºÍÐÐΪ״̬£¬ÓëÆäÔÚ˽ÈË¿Õ¼äϵÄ״̬´æÔÚ×ÅÊ®·ÖÏÔÖøµÄ²î±ð¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚÊÜ×éÖ¯µÄÐÔÖÊ¡¢×éÖ¯µÄ·¢Õ¹×´¿ö¡¢Ëù´¦µÄÉç»á»·¾³ÒÔ¼°×éÖ¯ÄÚ²¿¹ÜÀíÕߵļÛÖµ¹ÛµÈ¶àÖØÒòËØÓ°Ï죬Ա¹¤µÄÐÄÀíºÍÐÐΪҲÊÇÓйæÂÉ¿É̽¾¿ºÍ×ñѵġ£ÕâÏîÑо¿³É¹ûµÄÆôʾÊÇ£¬Èç¹û»ý¼«ÔËÓÃ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÖеĸöÌåÐÐΪºÍȺÌåÐÐΪµÄÏà¹ØÀíÂÛ£¬ÉîÈëÑо¿»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄÐÄÀíºÍÐÐΪ¹æÂÉ£¬½«ÓÐÖúÓÚÒÔ¸ü»ý¼«µÄ̬¶ÈºÍ¸üΪÊʵ±µÄÇÐÈëµã£¬È¥ÕùÈ¡»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄÀí½â¡¢ÈÏͬ¡¢ÅäºÏ£¬ÉõÖÁÊÇÖ§³Ö£¬ÉîÈëÁ˽â¿ç¹úÆóÒµÔÚ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×ÖÐËù·¢ÉúµÄ¸÷ÀྼÃÒµÎñÊÂÏîÖдæÔÚµÄÎÊÌâ¼°²úÉúÎÊÌâµÄÉî²ã´ÎÔÒò£¬ÓÐÀûÓÚÎÊÌâµÄ׼ȷ½ÒʾºÍÍ×ÉÆ°ÑÎÕ£¬ÔöÇ¿»üºË¹¤×÷µÄʵЧÐÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡(Ò»)ÈËÐÔÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡°´ÕÕÏà¹Ø·¨Âɹ涨£¬ÆóÒµÄÚ²¿µÄ»üºËÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖΪ¼à¶½Ö°ÄÜ¡£²é±×¾À´íµÄ¹¤×÷µ¼Ïò£¬ÈÝÒ×Òýµ¼»üºËÈËÔ±ÔÚ¶Ô´ý»üºË¶ÔÏóʱ£¬²ÉÓõÄÈËÐÔ¼ÙÉè¡¢È˸ñÌØÖʸü¶àµØÒÔD·Âó¸ñÀ׸ê“XÀíÂÛ”¡¢È¨ÊõÖ÷ÒåΪ»ù´¡£¬Ç±ÔÚÈÏΪ»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄ×ÔÂÉÐÔÇ·¼Ñ£¬¸öÈËËßÇóºÍ×é֯Ŀ±ê²¢²»Ò»Ö£¬¿ÉÄÜÒòΪ¾¼ÃÓÕÒò·¢Éú²»µÀµÂµÄÎ¥¹æ»òÎè±×µÈ»ú»áÖ÷Ò塢ȨÀû²Ù×ÝÐÐΪ¡£¶øÔÚ»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÐÈç¹û¸ü¶àµØÒýÈëºÍÔËÓÓYÀíÂÛ”»ò“¸´ÔÓÈË”ÀíÂÛ£¬½«»á¸üÀûÓÚÒýµ¼»üºË¶ÔÏó»ý¼«µÄÐÄÀíºÍÐÐΪÒòËØ¡£
¡¡¡¡¿ç¹úÆóÒµÔÚ¹ú¼ÊóÒ×»·¾³Ïµģ¬Ëæ×ÅÖ÷ÓªÒµÎñÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÊг¡ÉϵijÖÐøÍØÕ¹£¬Ïà¹Ø¾¼ÃÒµÎñÊÂÏî¹ú¼Ê»¯¡¢¸´ÔÓ»¯³Ì¶ÈÒ²ËæÖ®ÏÔÖøÔö¼Ó¡£¿ç¹úÆóÒµ»üºË¹¤×÷µÄʵ¼ù±íÃ÷£¬ºÏ×÷Ð͵ĻüºË¹¤×÷×é֯ģʽ¿ÉÒÔÈ¡µÃ¸ü¸ßЧÂʺ͸ü¼ÑЧ¹û¡£ºÏ×÷ÐÍ»üºËÊǸù¾Ý»üºË¹¤×÷µÄÄÚÈÝÐèÒª£¬ÔÚ¿ç¹úÆóÒµµÄÄÚ²¿Õ÷ÕÙ¡¢åàÑ¡ÓÐÖ¾ÓÚ²ÎÓë»üºË¹¤×÷£¬ÓµÓзḻ¹ÜÀí¾Ñé»òÕß¾ßÓÐרҵÌس¤µÄ¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±¡¢×¨Òµ¼¼ÊõÈËÔ±Óëרְ»üºËÈËÔ±×é³ÉÁÙʱÍŶӺÏ×÷¿ªÕ¹»üºË¹¤×÷£¬½«»üºË´Óµ¥Ò»¸Úλ±äΪÈËÔ±¿ÉÄÜͬʱÁ¥ÊôÓÚ¶à¸ö²¿ÃŵĶàÔª»¯¡¢ºÏ×÷ÐÍÍŶӣ¬Ðγɿçרҵ¡¢Ö°ÄÜÈÚºÏʽµÄÁÙʱÍŶӣ¬Ê¹»üºË¹¤×÷¿ÉÒÔ¾«¸ûϸ×÷£¬¸ü¾ßרҵÐÔºÍÉî¶È¡£
¡¡¡¡ºÏ×÷ÐÍ»üºËÊÇD·Âó¸ñÀ׸ê“YÀíÂÛ”ÔÚ»üºË¹¤×÷×é֯ģʽÖÐÓÐЧµÄʵ¼ùÔËÓᣓYÀíÂÛ”ÈÏΪÈËÊÇÔ¸ÒâÓе£µ±µÄ£¬Ô̲Ø×ÅÏëÏóÁ¦ºÍ´´ÔìÐÔ£¬³ýÁËÎïÖÊÒòËØÍ⣬Éç»áÐÄÀíµÈÌõ¼þÒ²»áÓ°ÏìÈ˵Ļý¼«ÐÔ£¬·¢»Ó×ÔÉíDZÁ¦ºÍ²ÅÄÜ¡£ÕâÖÖ»üºË¹¤×÷×é֯ģʽ£¬ÓÐÖúÓÚÏÔÖø´Ù½ø»üºËÈËÔ±Óë»üºË¶ÔÏóÖ®¼äµÄÐÅÏ¢¶Ô³Æ£¬Ê¹»üºË¹¤×÷µÄÄ¿±êµÃµ½¸÷ÊÂÒµ²¿¡¢·ÖÖ§»ú¹¹µÄÕýÈ·Àí½âºÍ±ØÒªÐÅÈΣ¬¸ÄÉƺÍÌáÉý²¿ÃÅ¡¢ÍŶÓÖ®¼äµÄ¶Ô»°Ð§¹ûºÍ¹µÍ¨Ð§ÂÊ¡£ÆƳý²¿ÃűÚÀÝ£¬Ê¹»üºË¹¤×÷³ä·ÖÑ°ÇóºÍÈ¡µÃÏà¹ØרҵÁ¦Á¿µÄ¼¼ÊõÖ§³Å£¬´òÔìһ֧֪ʶ½á¹¹¸üΪ¿Æѧ¡¢ÍêÕûµÄÁÙʱ¹¤×÷ÍŶӡ£ÕâÄÜ°ïÖú»üºË¹¤×÷³ä·ÖÍÚ¾òºÍ·ÖÎö·Ç²ÆÎñÊý¾Ý¼ÛÖµ£¬Ìø³ö²ÆÎñÐÅÏ¢µÄ¾ÖÏÞ£¬×ö³ö¸üΪȫÃæ¡¢¸üÓмÛÖµµÄÅжϣ¬ÌáÉý»üºË¹¤×÷µÄЧÄÜ¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖ×é֯ģʽÏ£¬»üºË¹¤×÷¿ÉÒÔ¸üÈÝÒ×ÕÒ³öÎÊÌ⣬Ìá³öºÏÀí¡¢¿ÉÐеľÀÕýÒâ¼û¡£µ±È»£¬ÔÚºÏ×÷Ð͵ĻüºË¹¤×÷×é֯ϣ¬ÓÉÓÚÁÙʱ¹¤×÷ÍŶӵÄÈËÔ±À´Ô´¶àÔª£¬¼æÖ°µÄ»üºË¸¨ÖúÈËÔ±¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ²¢²»³ä·Ö£¬ÐèҪעÒâ°ÑÎÕÀûÒæÏà¹Ø»Ø±ÜÔÔò£¬ÒÔ±£Ö¤»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼£¬¿Í¹ÛÍêÕûµØ½Òʾ³öÎè±×ÎÊÌâ¡£
![](http://www.xueshut.com/uploads/allimg/200426/33-200426105322200.png)
¡¡¡¡¿ç¹úÆóÒµµÄ¾Óª¹ÜÀíÊƱØÒý½ø¹ú¼Ê»¯È˲ţ¬¾ßÓÐÍ»³öµÄ°üÈÝʽÌص㡣Ա¹¤¸öÌåµÄ²îÒì°üÀ¨¹ú¼®¡¢Ãñ×å¡¢³É³¤¾ÀúµÈ£¬ÕâЩÒòËض¼»áÓ°ÏìÍŶӵĺÏ×÷¡£ºÏ×÷ÐÍ»üºËÊÇÖØÊÓ¸öÌå²îÒ죬½¨Á¢¸ßЧ¹¤×÷ÍŶӵÄÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÐÐ×ö·¨¡£ÔÚ¿ç¹úÆóÒµÁÙʱ»üºË¹¤×÷ÍŶӵÄÄÚ²¿ÈËÔ±¹¤×÷Ð×÷ÖУ¬ÍŶӳÉÔ±¸öÌåÖ®¼ä±ØÈ»²»¾¡Ïàͬ£¬²»Í¬ÎÄ»¯±³¾°¡¢²»Í¬½ÌÓý±³¾°¡¢²»Í¬¹¤×÷¾ÀúµÄÔ±¹¤ÔÚ¹¤×÷ÄÜÁ¦¡¢ÐÐÊÂ×÷·ç¡¢ÖªÊ¶½á¹¹¡¢ÓïÑÔ¼¼ÇÉ¡¢È˼ʽ»ÍùÖ®¼ä´æÔÚ×ŲîÒ죬¿ÉÒÔÐγɻ¥²¹ÓÅÊÆ¡£ºÏÀíµÄÈËÔ±´îÅäÓÐÖúÓÚ¸üÓÐЧµØ·¢»ÓÍŶӻ¯µÄÓÅÊÆ£¬´Ù½ø»üºË¹¤×÷¸ü¸»ÓÐЧÂÊ¡£
¡¡¡¡´ËÍ⣬ºÏ×÷ÐÍ»üºË»¹ÓÐÖúÓÚµ÷Õû¿ç¹úÆóÒµ¸÷¹ÜÀí²ã¼¶¡¢ÊÂÒµ²¿¡¢·ÖÖ§»ú¹¹µÈÄÚ²¿ÈºÌåµÄÈ˼ʹØϵ¡£Í¨¹ýÈËÔ±½»ÈÚ£¬À½ü»üºËÈËÔ±ËùÔÚÍŶÓÓë»üºË¶ÔÏóÖ®¼äµÄ¾àÀ룬Ôö½ø±Ë´ËÖ®¼äµÄÐÅÈιØϵ£¬¸ÄÉÆÐÅÏ¢¹µÍ¨Ð§¹û¡£
¡¡¡¡(¶þ)ÐèÒªºÍ¶¯»úÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄ¹ÛµãÈÏΪ£¬ÒªÊµÏÖÔ¤¶¨µÄ¹ÜÀíÄ¿±ê£¬¾ÍÐèÒª»ý¼«µ÷¶¯ÈËÔÚÖ÷¹ÛÉϵĻý¼«ÐÔÓë´´ÔìÐÔ¡£¶øÈ˵ÄÐèÇ󡢶¯»úµÈÐÄÀíÒòËØ£¬Ôò»áÖ±½ÓÓ°Ïìµ½»ý¼«ÐÔÓë´´ÔìÐԵķ¢»Ó¡£ÈËÃÇÍùÍùÒòΪijÖÖÐèÒª¶ø²úÉú¶¯Á¦£¬½øÐÐÐγÉÁËÖ÷¶¯×÷ΪµÄ¶¯»ú¡£ÈËÃÇÐÐΪ×öÊÂͨ³£Ô´ÓÚijÖÖ¶¯»ú£¬ÓÐ×ÅÒ»¶¨µÄÄ¿µÄÐÔ£¬²¢ÍùÍùÊÇÓÉijЩÐèÇóת»¯¶øÀ´¡£
¡¡¡¡ÓÉÓÚ»üºË¹¤×÷¹ÌÓеIJé´í¾À±×ÌØÐÔ£¬ÍùÍùÐèÒª³ä·Ö·ÖÎö¡¢ÕÆÎÕ»üºË¶ÔÏóijЩÐÐΪµÄÕæʵ¶¯»ú£¬µ«ÕâÒ»µãȴͨ³£»áÓöµ½±È½Ï´óµÄÕÏ°ºÍÀ§ÄÑ¡£Óë»üºË¶ÔÏó½øÐÐ̸»°£¬ÊÇ»üºËÈËÔ±ÕÆÎÕÇé¿ö¡¢·ÖÎöÎÊÌâ³£ÓõÄÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨¡£¶ø½øÐгä·Ö¡¢ÓÐЧµÄ̸»°¹µÍ¨£¬ÔòÐèÒª»üºËÈËÔ±ÔÚ̸»°Ö®Ç°£¬ÏÈÕë¶Ô»üºË¶ÔÏó×öºÃÆä¿ÉÄÜÁ¢³¡ºÍ¶¯»úµÄ·ÖÎöÓëÆÀ¹À¡£»üºËÈËÔ±ÔÚ̸»°Á˽âÇé¿öʱ£¬»¹Òª×¢Òâ±È¶Ô¡¢·ÖÎöºÍɸѡ£¬Çø±ð³öÄÄЩ¹Ûµã¿ÉÄÜȱ·¦ÍêÕûÐÔ¡¢¿Í¹ÛÐÔ£¬ÉõÖÁÊÇÕæʵÐÔ£¬ÄÄЩ¹Ûµã¾ßÓÐ×ôÖ¤×÷Ó㬾¡¿ÉÄÜÕæʵ»¹ÔºÍÈ«ÃæÕÆÎÕÓмÛÖµµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ÌرðÊÇ»üºËÈËÔ±ÔÚ»ü²éÎè±×ÐÐΪʱ£¬¸üÊÇÒªÓúö¯»ú·ÖÎöÔÀí£¬¿Í¹Û·ÖÎö»üºË¶ÔÏóËù´¦µÄµØλ¡¢»·¾³ÒòËØ£¬·ÖÎöÔ¤ÅпÉÄÜÓÕ·¢ÆäÐγÉÎ¥¹æµÄ»ò²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¶¯»ú¡£
¡¡¡¡»üºËÈËÔ±·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâºó£¬»¹Òª³ä·Ö¿¼ÂÇÈçºÎµ÷¶¯´ó¶àÊýÔ±¹¤µÄ»ý¼«ÐÔÀ´Î¬»¤¹æÕÂÖƶÈÑÏËàÐÔ£¬Ìá³öÇÐʵ¿ÉÐеľÀÕýÒâ¼û£¬¾¡¿ÉÄÜÕùÈ¡µÃµ½´ó¶àÊýÔ±¹¤µÄÓµ»¤£¬ÊµÏÖ»üºË¹¤×÷ÖÊÁ¿ÓëÆóÒµ¾Óª¹ÜÀíˮƽͬ²½ÌáÉýµÄ“Ë«Ó®”½á¹û¡£·¢ÏÖÎÊÌâµÄÄ¿µÄÔÚÓÚ½â¾öÎÊÌ⣬¶ø½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄ°ì·¨Èç¹û¹ýÓÚ¼òµ¥£¬µÃ²»µ½´ó¼ÒµÄÈÏͬºÍÖ§³Ö£¬ÖƶȾÍÈÝÒ×ʧȥÉúÃüÁ¦£¬ÒײúÉúеÄÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡(Èý)ȺÌåÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡°´ÕÕ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧµÄȺÌå¹Ûµã£¬²»½öÓÐÕýʽȺÌ壬»¹´æÔÚ×Å·ÇÕýʽȺÌå¡£ÔÚ»üºËÈËÔ±µÄ¹¤×÷ÊÓÒ°À³ýÁËÒªÓÐÕýʽȺÌ壬»¹ÒªÓзÇÕýʽȺÌ壬ÕâÒ»µãÓÈΪÖØÒª¡£·ÇÕýʽȺÌå¿Í¹Û´æÔÚÓÚ¿ç¹úÆóÒµÄÚ²¿µÄ¸÷¹ÜÀí²ã¼¶¡¢ÊÂÒµ²¿»òÊÇ·ÖÖ§»ú¹¹£¬·¢»Ó×ÅDZÔÚ¶ø²»ÈݺöÊÓµÄ×÷Óã¬Òò´Ë»üºË¹¤×÷·¶Î§ÀíÓ¦¸²¸Ç·ÇÕýʽȺÌå¡£»üºËÈËÔ±ÐèҪעÒâ´Ó·ÇÕýʽȺÌåÖÐÇãÌýÒâ¼ûºÍ²»Í¬ÉùÒô£¬ÕÆÎÕÕâЩȺÌåµÄËßÇóºÍ½¨Ò顣ͬʱ£¬Òª¿Í¹ÛµØ¼ÓÒÔ·ÖÎöÅжϣ¬ÒòÊÆÀûµ¼µØ¿ªÕ¹¹¤×÷£¬³ä·ÖÆÀ¹À·ÇÕýʽȺÌå¿ÉÄܶÔÆóÒµ¾¼ÃÒµÎñÊÂÏî²úÉúµÄDZÔÚÓ°Ï죬ÒòÊÆÀûµ¼£¬Èûý¼«µÄÇéÐ÷ºÍÒòËØ·¢»Ó¸ü´ó×÷Óá£
¡¡¡¡(ËÄ)³åÍ»¹ÛºÍ³åÍ»¹ÜÀí¹Û
¡¡¡¡Ï໥×÷ÓóåÍ»¹ÛÖ¸³ö£¬ÄÚ²¿³åÍ»ÔÚÈκεÄ×éÖ¯Öж¼ÊÇÄÑÒԻرܵÄÏÖÏ󣬵«¼ÈÒªÖØÊÓÆäÏû¼«µÄ·½Ã棬¸üÒª¿´µ½Æä»ý¼«µÄÒòËØ¡£ÈËÃǺÜÉÙÄܹ»Çå³þ¡¢×¼È·µØ»®·Ö“ÈÎÎñ”·ÖÆçÓ듹Øϵ”·ÖÆ磬Òò´ËÈÎÎñ³åÍ»ÓÐʱºò¾Í¿ÉÄÜÉý¼¶ÎªÈ˼ʹØϵµÄ³åÍ»¡£»üºËÈËÔ±Óë»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄÄ¿±êºÍÁ¢³¡ÈÝÒ×´æÔÚ²îÒ죬ÈÏʶºÍÒâ¼ûÓÐʱ¿ÉÄܶÌÆÚÄÚÐγɳåÍ»¡¢ÄÑÒÔµ÷ºÍ¡£¾Ã¶ø¾ÃÖ®£¬Ë«·½ÔÚ¸ÐÇéÉÏ»¥Ï಻ÐÅÈΡ¢²»ÈÏͬµÄÒòËؾÍÈÝÒ×ÈÕ½¥»ý¾Û¡£Òò´Ë£¬³åÍ»¹ÜÀíÊÇ»üºËÈËÔ±¾³£ÐèÒªÃæ¶Ô¡¢²»ÈݻرܵĿÎÌâÖ®Ò»¡£»üºËÈËÔ±ÔòÐèÒª´ÓÒÔÏ·½Ãæ¼ÓÒÔ°ÑÎÕºÍÔËÓãº
¡¡¡¡Ò»ÊÇÒÔ¿ª·ÅʽµÄ˼ά£¬¿ØÖÆÇéÐ÷»¯Ã¬¶Ü£¬ÔÊÐíºÍ½ÓÄÉ»üºË¶ÔÏóÏêϸ²ûÊöÆäÁ¢³¡ºÍ¹Ûµã£¬ÉÆÓÚ¶Ôì¶Ü½¹µã½øÐÐÓÐÔÔòµÄ“¹æ±Ü”ºÍ“½µÎ”£¬¶ÔÈȵãÎÊÌ⼰ʱÓÐЧµÄ½øÐГÀä´¦À픡£
¡¡¡¡¶þÊÇ»ý¼«Ïû³ý²»±ØÒªµÄ¸ôºÒºÍÎó½â£¬Êèµ¼»üºË¶ÔÏóµÄµÖ´¥ÇéÐ÷£¬ÔÚƽµÈ¡¢¿ª·ÅµÄ»·¾³ÏÂÓë»üºË¶ÔÏó»Ø¹ËÎÊÌ⣬׼ȷ²éÕÒ·¢ÉúÎÊÌâµÄÖ÷¹ÛºÍ¿Í¹ÛÔÒò¡£
¡¡¡¡ÈýÊÇÕÆÎÕºÃÅúÆÀÎäÆ÷£¬»¯Ïû¼«Îª»ý¼«¡£³ä·ÖÕÆÎտ͹ÛÊÂʵ£¬Ã÷È·ÅúÆÀµÄÄ¿µÄ£¬¶Ôʲ»¶ÔÈË¡¢Ñ¡ÔñÊʵ±ÓÃÓѡÔñÊʵ±³¡ºÏºÍʱ¼ä£¬Ê¹»üºË¶ÔÏóÃ÷°××Ô¼º´íÔں䦣¬½ñºóÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑù²ÅÄܱÜÃâÖØ·¸¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÄÊǹÄÀø»üºË¶ÔÏóÒÔ³ÉÊìÐÄ̬¿Í¹ÛÀä¾²µØÕýÊÓÎÊÌ⣬»ý¼«²ÎÓë̽ÌÖ½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄÄ¿±êºÍ·½·¨£¬ÑÛ¾¦“ÏòÇ°¿´”£¬ÉÆÓÚ×ܽáºÍ×ÔÎÒУÕý¡£°ÑÏû¼«¶Ô´ýÖð½¥×ª±äµ½»ý¼«µØ²ÎÓ룬ʵÏÖ×ÔÉíÐÐΪµÄ×ÔÎÒµ÷½Ú¡¢×ÔÎҹ淶£¬±ä“ËûÂɔΪ“×ÔÂÉ”¡£
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
¡¡¡¡[1] ²ÌæÂæÂ,ÍõÀûƽ,ººË¼.dzÎö×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÔÚÏÖ´ú¹ÜÀíÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃ[J].ËêÔÂ,2011(11).
¡¡¡¡[2]ÕžÛÓÀ.̽Ë÷ÄÚÉó¹¤×÷ÖеÄÐÐΪ¿Æѧ[J].ÏÖ´úÉÌÒµ,2008(36).
¡¡¡¡[3] Íõ˳.×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÊÓ½ÇϵÄÆóÒµ¹ÜÀí²ßÂÔ[J].вƾ,2013(12).
×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧ¿Î³ÌÂÛÎĵڶþƪ£ºÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿½øÕ¹Óë¾ÖÏÞ
¡¡¡¡ÕªÒª£ºËæ×Å×éÖ¯ÐÐΪѧÑо¿µÄ·¢Õ¹,Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÑо¿Õß¿ªÊ¼×¢Òâ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ»ý¼«ÒòËØ,ÈËÃÇ¿ÉÄÜΪÁË×éÖ¯ÀûÒæÈ¥×ö²»µÀµÂµÄÊÂÇé,¼´Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£Í¨¹ý¶Ô¹úÄÚÍâÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÏà¹ØÑо¿½øÐÐ×ܽáºÍÊáÀí,ÂËÇåÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ²úÉúµÄÓ°Ïì»úÖƼ°µ±Ç°Ñо¿µÄ²»×ã,²¢¶ÔδÀ´Ñо¿·½Ïò½øÐÐÁËÕ¹Íû¡£
¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£ºÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ; µÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼; ±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼; ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ;
¡¡¡¡Review of Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior
¡¡¡¡GUO Lei DENG Yadan LU Hong YU Zuwei
¡¡¡¡Department of Psychology,Guangzhou University Department of Management,Guangzhou Open University
¡¡¡¡Abstract£ºWith development of Organizational Behavior Studies,more and more researchers have noticed the positive factors of unethical behavior.People may do unethical behavior for the benefit of the origination,which called unethical pro-organizational behavior.This paper summarizes and combs the researches on unethical behavior of pro-organization at home and abroad,filters out the influence mechanism of this behavior and the shortcomings of the current research,and further explores the future research direction.
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢ ÎÊÌâµÄÌá³ö
¡¡¡¡²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿ÓÉÀ´ÒѾÃ,¶àÊýѧÕߺ͹ÜÀíÕ߶¼ÊÇ´Ó²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀû¼ºÐÔºÍÏû¼«ÒòËØ(ÈçÈèÅ°Áìµ¼¡¢×éÖ¯²»¹«Æ½µÈ)³ö·¢,̽ÌÖ¸öÈË¡¢×éÖ¯ÒÔ¼°Éç»áÖÐËù´æÔÚµÄһЩÏû¼«ÒòËضԲ»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ´Ì¼¤×÷Óᣵ«ÊÇËæ×Å×éÖ¯ÐÐΪÑо¿µÄ·¢Õ¹,Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄѧÕß¿ªÊ¼ÖØÊÓ²»µÀµÂµÄÇ××éÖ¯ÐÐΪ,ËüÄÜÈÃÎÒÃǶÔÓÚ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪÖи÷ÖÖÏÖÏóÓиüÉîÈëºÍ¸üеÄÀí½â¡£ÆóÒµÔ±¹¤ÎªÁË×ÔÉí·¢Õ¹µÄÒµÎñÀûÒæ,ijЩʱºòÍùÍù»á×ö³öһЩ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£Ä¿Ç°ÔÚÑо¿²»µÀµÂÐÐΪʱ,·¢ÏÖÒ»¸öÓÐȤµÄÏÖÏó,¼´µ±Ô±¹¤ÐèÒª½âÊÍ×Ô¼º²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄʱºò,ËûÃÇ»á˵ÊÇΪÁË×éÖ¯»òÀÏ°å(ͬÊÂ)µÄÀûÒæ¶ø×öÕâ¸öÊÂÇé,ÕâÊǶÔ×éÖ¯»òÍÅÌåÖеĸöÈËÓкô¦µÄ[1]¡£µ«ÕâÖÖÐÐΪ¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÆÆ»µÐÔµÄÓ°Ïì,ÀýÈç×éÖ¯ÄÚ·¨ÂÉÉϺͲÆÎñÉϵÄÕÏ°[2]¡£
¡¡¡¡Gurchiek(2006)·¢ÏÖ,³¬¹ýÈý·ÖÖ®Ò»µÄ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÔÚ¹¤×÷³¡ËùÓöµ½µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÆäÖÐ19%µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÊÇÆÛÆ¿Í»§,¹©Ó¦ÉÌ»ò¹«ÖÚ[3],ËûÃÇÕâÊÇΪÁ˹«Ë¾ÀûÒæËù×ö³öµÄÆÛÆÐÐΪ,ÕâЩÐÐΪ±»³ÆΪÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£ÒòΪÕâЩ²»µÀµÂµÄ¡¢ÆÛÆÒþÂ÷Ïû·ÑÕß»òºÏ×÷»ï°éµÈÐÐΪ,Ö÷¹ÛÉ϶ÔÔ±¹¤ºÍ×éÖ¯µÄÀûÒæÊÇÓкô¦µÄ,µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏËüËðº¦ÁË×éÖ¯ºÍÆóÒµµÄ³¤Ô¶·¢Õ¹,ÉõÖÁ»áÓ°ÏìÐÐÒµ¸ñ¾ÖµÄ½¡¿µ·¢Õ¹[4]¡£Òò´Ë,Ó¦¸Ã¹Ø×¢Ô±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÒÔ±ã¸ü¶à¸üÉîÈëµØÁ˽â×éÖ¯ÐÐΪ¡£ÎÒÃÇΪÁË̽ÌÖÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÔÒòÒÔ¼°½á¹ûµÄÓ°Ïì,ͨ¹ý×ÛºÏÒÔÍùÑо¿,ÊáÀíÏà¹ØÎÄÏ×Ìá³öÑо¿Ë¼Â·,ÂËÇåÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¸ÅÄî¡¢²âÁ¿·½·¨ÒÔ¼°Ïà¹Øʵ֤Ñо¿,·¢ÏÖÎÊÌⲢΪºóÐøÑо¿ÌṩÒÀ¾Ý¡£
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢ Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¸ÅÄîºÍ²âÁ¿
¡¡¡¡(Ò») Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¸ÅÄî
¡¡¡¡Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ(unethical pro-organizational behavior,UPB)µÄ¸ÅÄî×îÔçÓÉUmphressÓÚ2010ÄêÌá³ö,ËüÊÇÖ¸Ô±¹¤ÓÐÒâÐÐʹµÄ,Î¥·´Éç»áµÀµÂ×¼Ôò,µ«È´ÓÐÀûÓÚ×éÖ¯µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ[5]¡£
¡¡¡¡¸ù¾ÝÖйúÉç»áÏÖ×´ºÍ¹úÇé,ÎÄÕ½«Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¶¨ÒåΪ°ïÖú¼¯ÍųÉÔ±»ò×éÖ¯,ÓÐÒâ½øÐÐÎ¥·´Éç»áºËÐļÛÖµ¹Û¡¢Ï°Ëס¢·¨Âɺͷ¨¹æÐÐΪ»òÉç»áµÀµÂ×¼ÔòµÄÊʵ±ÐÐΪ¡£ËüÓÉÁ½¸öºËÐIJ¿·Ö×é³É,ÆäÒ»,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÊDz»·ûºÏ·¨ÂÉ»ò¿É½ÓÊܵÄÉç»á¹æ·¶¡£Ëü°üÀ¨Î¯ÍÐÐÐΪ,Èç¸øÓèÐé¼ÙÊý×Ö¸ÉÈÅ·ÖÎöʦԤ²â¹ÉƱ¼ÛÖµ,´Û¸ÄÉú²úÈÕÆÚ¸ø¿Í»§;Ëü»¹°üÀ¨ÒÅ©ÐÐΪ,ÀýÈçÒþ²ØÒ©Æ·µÄΣº¦ÐÅÏ¢,δ¸æÖªÏû·ÑÕß²úÆ·ÓÐijÖÖȱÏÝ¡£Æä¶þ,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÊÇÒ»¸öÇ××éÖ¯µÄÐÐΪ,ÕâÖÖÐÐΪÊÇÓÐÀûÓÚ»òÓÐÖúÓÚ×éÖ¯µÄ,µ«²»Êǹ¤×÷Ã÷ÎĹ涨µÄ,¶øÊÇÔ±¹¤×Ô·¢×ö³öµÄÐÐΪ¡£Ä³Ö̶ֳÈÉÏ,Ö»Òª²»µÀµÂµÄÐÐΪ¶Ô×éÖ¯À´ËµÊÇÓÐÀûµÄ,Ëü±ã¿ÉÒÔ±»ÈÏΪÊÇÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡(¶þ) Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ²âÁ¿
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁËÑо¿Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,UmphressºÍBinghanÔÚ2011ÄêÑ¡ÔñÁË516ÃûMBAѧÉúÍê³ÉÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµ÷²éÎÊ¾í¡£ËûÃÇ·¢ÏÖÎʾí¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄÐŶȺÍЧ¶È,¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊ²âÊÔÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¹¤¾ß¡£ËûÃDzÉÓÃ̽Ë÷ÐÔÒòËØ·ÖÎö¡¢ÑéÖ¤ÐÔÒòËØ·ÖÎö¡¢ÏîÄ¿·ÖÎöµÈÀ´²âÊÔÎʾí[5]¡£Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÎʾíʹÓÃLikert 7µã¼Æ·Ö,µÃ·Ö“1”Ϊ·Ç³£²»Í¬Òâ,µÃ·Ö“7”Ϊ·Ç³£Í¬Òâ,²âÁ¿µÄÐÎʽÊÇ×ÔÎÒ±¨¸æ,ÌâÐÍÖîÈç:Èç¹ûËü»áÈÃÎÒµÄ×éÖ¯ÓÐЧÒæ,ÎÒ»á¿ÛÁô¹«Ë¾²úÆ·µÄÏà¹Ø¸ºÃæÐÅÏ¢¡£ÎʾíÓÐÆ߸öÏîÄ¿,µ«×îºóÒ»¸öÏîÄ¿µÄÒòËؼÓÔØÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍ,ËùÒÔ(¾³£)±»Ò»Ð©Ê¹ÓÃËüµÄÑо¿ÕߺöÂÔ¡£¹úÄÚÍâ¾³£Ê¹ÓõÄÁ¿±íÊDZ£ÁôÇ°Áù¸öÌâÏîµÄÁ¿±í¡£
¡¡¡¡¹úÄÚµÄÏĸ£±ó(2014)Ò²ÀûÓôËÁ¿±í½øÐÐÁËÏà¹ØÑо¿,ËûÖ¸³öÁËһά½á¹¹µÄ²»ÍêÕûÐÔ,²¢½«Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¶¨ÒåΪ»ùÓÚÇ××éÖ¯ºÍÀûËûµÄ¶þά½á¹¹¸ÅÄî[6]¡£ÆäÖÐÀûËûά¶ÈÊÇÖ¸ÓÐÀûÓÚ×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±ÇÒ²»Ëðº¦×éÖ¯µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,Ç××é֯ά¶ÈÊÇÖ¸ÓÐÀûÓÚ×éÖ¯ÇÒ²»Ëðº¦×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£ÆäÖÐÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÓÉÎÞ˽Àû¼ººÍΪ¼ºÀûËûÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄµÀµÂÐÐΪ¹¹³É¡£Õâ¿ÉÄÜ°üº¬Ò»¶¨µÄÎÄ»¯²îÒìÏÖÏó,ÖйúµÈÑÇÖÞ¹ú¼Ò±È½ÏÆ«¼¯ÌåÖ÷Òå,¶øÎ÷·½Å·ÃÀ¹ú¼ÒÆ«¸öÈËÖ÷Òå,´Óʵ֤Ñо¿½á¹ûÀ´¿´,ÖнéºÍµ÷½ÚÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÒòËØÓкܶà,ÖîÈç¸öÈ˲ãÃæºÍÁìµ¼²ãÃæµÈ¡£
¡¡¡¡×Ô´ÓÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¸ÅÄîÌá³öÒÔÀ´,ΪÁË̽¾¿Õâ¸öеIJ»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿ÁìÓò,ËäÈ»ÒÑÓÐһЩѧÕß´ÓÀíÂÛºÍʵ֤µÄ½Ç¶È¶Ô²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÇ°ÒòºÍºó¹û½øÐÐÁËÑо¿,µ«¶ÔÓÚ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÕâ¸öÈ«ÐÂÑо¿ÁìÓò,Ä¿Ç°²âÁ¿¹¤¾ßµÄʹÓÃÒÔ¼°ÊÇ·ñÓй㷺µÄ¿ÉÍƹãÐÔ»¹ÊÇδ֪µÄ,²¢ÇÒÆäÇ°ÒòÓëºó¹ûÒÀȻ֪֮ÉõÉÙ¡£
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢ Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄʵ֤Ñо¿
¡¡¡¡Ä¿Ç°,¶ÔÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿Ö÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÔÚÔ±¹¤¶Ô×éÖ¯µÄ̬¶È¡¢×éÖ¯Éí·Ý¡¢×éÖ¯Çé¸ÐºÍ×éÖ¯³ÐŵµÈ·½Ãæ¡£ÁíÍâ,Áìµ¼·ç¸ñºÍÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹ØϵҲ³ÉΪԽÀ´Ô½¶àÑо¿ÈËԱ̽Ë÷µÄÈÈÃÅÖ÷Ìâ,ͨ¹ýÏà¹ØµÄʵ֤Ñо¿¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö:Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ²úÉúµÄÔÒòÓÐÔ±¹¤²ãÃæºÍÁìµ¼²ãÃæµÄ¡£
¡¡¡¡(Ò») Ô±¹¤Ì¬¶ÈÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ
¡¡¡¡1.×éÖ¯³ÐŵÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯³Ðŵ±íÏÖÁËÔ±¹¤¶Ô×éÖ¯µÄÄ¿±êºÍ¼ÛÖµ¹ÛµÄÈÏͬ,¿ÉÒÔÔ¤²âÔ±¹¤µÄÈ¥Áô,Ò²¿ÉÒÔÓ°ÏìÔ±¹¤µÄÇéÐ÷ºÍÐÐΪ¡£MatherneºÍLitchfield(2012)¶ÔÃÀ¹ú¶«Äϲ¿µÄ137Ãû¹ÍÔ±ÐÎʽ½øÐÐÁËÒ»Ïʱ¼äµÄµ÷²éÑо¿[7],½á¹ûÏÔʾ,×éÖ¯³Ðŵ½Ï¸ßµÄÔ±¹¤½«»á²ÉÈ¡¸ü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÕâÖÖ»ý¼«µÄ¹ØϵÊܵ½Ô±¹¤µÀµÂÈÏͬˮƽµÄ¸ºÃæÓ°Ïì¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,µ±Ô±¹¤¾ßÓнϸߵĵÀµÂÈÏͬˮƽʱ,ËûÃǶÔ×éÖ¯µÄ³Ðŵ½«»á½µµÍ,´Ó¶øµ¼ÖÂÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¸üÉÙ;µ±µÀµÂÈÏͬ¶ÈÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍʱ,Ô±¹¤µÄÇé¸Ð³Ðŵ½Ï¸ß,»á²ÉÈ¡¸ü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£¾³£ÓÐýÌ屨µ¼,Ô±¹¤´ÓÊÂÖ¼ÔÚ´Ù½ø×éÖ¯ÀûÒæµÄÐÐΪ,µ«Òò³¬Ô½Á˺ÏÀí·¶Î§¶ø¶ÔÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßÔì³ÉÎÞ·¨½ÓÊܵÄËðº¦[8]¡£ÈËÃÇ»áÔÚʲôÌõ¼þϲ»³ÏʵµØÐÐÊÂÀ´°ïÖú»òÉ˺¦±ðÈË?Fehr(2015)ͨ¹ýÉó²éÒÔÇ°±»ºöÊÓµÄÒòËØ:À´×ÔÓÚÐÐΪµÄÊܺ¦ÕßÀ´½âÊÍÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£ËûÃÇͨ¹ýÁ½¸öʵÑéËæ»úÅä¶Ô²ÎÓëÕß,²¢Í¨¹ý³õʼ²ÊƱ²Ù×ÝËûÃǵIJƸ»Ë®Æ½[9]¡£½á¹û¹Û²ìµ½ºÏ×÷»ï°éÖ®¼äµÄ²Æ¸»²»¹«Æ½Ó°ÏìÁË°ïÖú¶Ô·½»òÉ˺¦¶Ô·½µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ,ͬʱ¸Ä±äÁ˶Բ»³ÏʵÐÐΪµÄ¾¼Ã¼¤Àø¡£½á¹û±íÃ÷,½ðÈÚ×ÔÉíÀûÒæ²»ÄÜÍêÈ«½âÊÍÈËÃDz»³ÏʵµØ¶ÔÆäËûÈËÔì³ÉÉ˺¦µÄÇãÏò[9][10]¡£Ïà·´,ÕâÖÖ²»³ÏʵÊÇÊܵ½»ùÓڲƸ»²»Æ½µÈÇéÐ÷·´Ó¦µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ÓÉÓÚ²»Æ½µÈÒýÆðµÄ¼µ¶ÊÐÐΪ¶ø´¥·¢²»³ÏʵµÄ°ïÖú,Òò´ËÉ˺¦µ½ÆäËûÈ˵ÄÀûÒæ¡£
¡¡¡¡Tian(2016)²âÊÔÁËÂ×ÀíѹÁ¦ºÍȨÁ¦¾àÀëÈ¡ÏòÓ°Ïì»á¼Æʦ¶ÔÓ¯Óà¹ÜÀíÂ×ÀíÅжϡ£À´×ÔÖйúµÄ354Ãû»á¼ÆʦÑù±¾µÄ½á¹û±íÃ÷,Â×ÀíѹÁ¦ÓëÓ¯Óà¹ÜÀíÂ×ÀíÅжÏÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵȡ¾öÓÚ»á¼ÆʦµÄȨÁ¦¾àÀëÈ¡Ïò,Ö§³Ö¹«Ë¾µÄµÀµÂÐÅÄîÊǵÀµÂѹÁ¦ºÍȨÁ¦¾àÀëÈ¡Ïò¶ÔÂ×ÀíÅжϵÄÖнé[11]¡£Ó¯Óà¹ÜÀí¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¸öÈËÇé¾³»¥¶¯Ö÷ÒåģʽµÄ¿ò¼ÜÄÚ×÷ΪһÖÖÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÐÎʽ¡£
¡¡¡¡Ô±¹¤µÄ×éÖ¯³ÐŵʹµÃÔ±¹¤»áΪÁËÍê³É×ÔÎÒ¶ÔÓÚ×éÖ¯Ëù¸øµÄÈÎÎñ»òÕß¼¨Ð§ÒªÇó¶ø²úÉú²»³ÏʵµÄ°ïÖúÐÐΪµÈÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,¶øÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÖеÀµÂÈÏͬˮƽºÍ¸öÈËÇéÐ÷µÈ»á²úÉúÖнéÐÐΪ½á¹û¡£
¡¡¡¡2.×éÖ¯ÈÏͬºÍÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯ÈÏͬºÍ×éÖ¯³ÐŵÓÐËùÇø±ð,¶Ô×éÖ¯×ö³ö×éÖ¯³ÐŵµÄÔ±¹¤²»Ò»¶¨ÓкܸߵÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ,¶øÇ¿ÁÒµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÏÂÔòÓÐ×éÖ¯³Ðŵ,»áÉî¿ÌÓ°ÏìÔ±¹¤×ö³öµÄ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪ,°üÀ¨¶Ô´ýÍŶӺ͹¤×÷µÄ̬¶È,Ϊ×éÖ¯×ö³öµÄ¹±Ï׵ȡ£Umphress,BinghamºÍMitchellÑо¿ÁË×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ,Ñо¿Ô¤²â×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ»áÓÐÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ,¶øÕýÃ滥»ÝÐÅÄ»á¼ÓÇ¿ÕâÖÖ¹Øϵ¡£ÆäÑо¿½á¹û±íÃ÷,µ±ËûÃÇÓµÓÐÇ¿´óµÄÕýÃ滥»ÝÐÅÄîʱ,Ç¿ÁÒÈÏͬÆä×éÖ¯µÄ¸öÈ˸üÓпÉÄܲÎÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ[5],Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,¸öÈËÇ¿ÁÒµÄÈÏͬ×éÖ¯,ÕâÖÖÈÏÖª»áʹµÃÔ±¹¤ÓиüÇ¿µÄÐÅÄîºÍÁ¦Á¿È¥Îª×é֯ıÊ¡£Allan LeeµÈÈË(2017)Ñо¿µ÷²éÁËÔ±¹¤ÐÄÀíȨÀûÓëÔ±¹¤²ÎÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÒâÔ¸Ö®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ¡£Ñо¿¼ÙÉèÈÏΪÈËÃÇÓ¦¸Ã»ñµÃÀíÏëµÄ´ýÓö,¶ø²»¹ÜÕâЩÏë·¨ÊÇ·ñ»áÔö¼ÓÕâÖÖÌØÊâÀàÐ͵IJ»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÊ¢ÐÐ[12]¡£ÔÚ̽ÌÖÁËÐÄÀíȨÀû¶ÔÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ²îÒìЧӦÓë·´Éú²úÐÐΪµÄ²îÒìʱ·¢ÏÖ,µÀµÂÍÑÀëÁËÖнéÐÄÀíȨÀûÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ,ÔÚÏëÒª»ñµÃ¸öÈËÀûÒæºÍ±»±ðÈË¿´ºÃµÄÔ¸ÍûÕâÁ½ÕßµÄÍƶ¯ÏÂ,¸ß¶È¾´ÒµµÄÔ±¹¤ÔÚ¸öÈËÄ¿±êÓë×é֯Ŀ±êÒ»ÖÂʱ,¿ÉÄܸüÔ¸Òâ²ÎÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡Chen(2016)½è¼øÉç»áÈÏÖªÀíÂÛ,¼ÙÉè×éÖ¯ÈÏͬͨ¹ýµÀµÂÍÑÀëµÄÖнé×÷ÓÃÀ´Ô¤²âÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÇÒ¾ºÕùÐÔµÄ×éÖ¯¹ØϵÔöÇ¿ÁËÔ¤²â¡£Ñо¿µ÷²éÁËÖйúºÍÃÀ¹ú²»Í¬µÄÊý¾Ý,½á¹û·¢ÏÖ,¸ü¸ßµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ»á´Óʸü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,²¢ÇÒÕâÖÖЧӦÊÇÊܵÀµÂÍÑÀëÓ°ÏìµÄ[13]¡£×éÖ¯ÈÏͬͨ¹ýµÀµÂÍÑÀëÖнéÔÙ´ÎÔ¤²âÁËÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,¶øµ±Ô±¹¤ÈÏʶµ½¸ü¸ßˮƽµÄÐÐÒµ¾ºÕùʱ,Öнé¹Øϵ¸ü¼ÓÇ¿ÁÒ¡£
¡¡¡¡µÀµÂÍÑÀëʹµÃÔ±¹¤Îª×Ô¼ºµÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ½øÐбç½âºÍÑÚÊÎ,¶ø×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÖÐÆðµ½ÁËÖØÒªµÄ×÷Óá£Ô±¹¤ÔÚÐÐΪºÍ¹ÛÄîµÈÖî¶à·½ÃæÓë×éÖ¯ÓÐÒ»ÖÂÐÔ,ÔÚ×éÖ¯ÖÐÊÕ»ñÁ˹éÊô¸ÐºÍÒÀÀµ¸Ð,ÒòΪÕâÖÖ¶Ô×éÖ¯µÄÇ¿ÁÒÈÏͬ¸Ð»áÈÃÔ±¹¤ÓзÇÀíÐÔµÄÅжÏ,ͬʱԱ¹¤ÉíÉϵÄʹÃü¸Ð»áÈÃÔ±¹¤ÎªÁ˹«Ë¾×éÖ¯µÄÀûÒæ×Ô·¢µØȥʵʩ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£ËùÒÔ×éÖ¯Òª½¨Á¢µÀµÂÎÄ»¯¼ÛÖµ¹Û,ʹÆäÔ±¹¤ÓµÓÐÀíÐÔµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ¡£
¡¡¡¡3.¸öÈËÒòËØÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ
¡¡¡¡×éÖ¯¿ÆѧµÄÑо¿ÇãÏòÓÚ½«Éç»áÐÐΪÃè»æΪ×éÖ¯Ó¦¹ÄÀøµÄ¸÷ÖÖ»ý¼«ÐÐΪ¡£È»¶ø,Ö»ÓÐ×î½ü²ÅÓÐÑо¿ÈËÔ±¿ªÊ¼³ÐÈÏÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,¼´Î¥·´µÀµÂ¹æ·¶(ÀýÈç,ÍáÇú»ò¿äÕŵÄÕæÏà,Òþ²ØÓйØÆóÒµµÄÓк¦ÐÅÏ¢)ÒÔά»¤×éÖ¯µÄ»ý¼«ÐÎÏó¡£×î½ü´óÖÚÅŷųóÎźͱöÖݶùͯÐÔÅ°´ý³óÎÅ,¶¼ËµÃ÷ÐèÒªÑо¿Ôì³ÉÕâЩÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ³öÏֵĸö±ðÒòËغÍÇé¾³Ìõ¼þ¡£½è¼øÌØÖʼ¤»îÀíÂÛ,Castille(2018)ÈÏΪÂí»ùÑÅάÀûÖ÷ÒåµÄ“ºÚ°µ”ÌØÕ÷ʹ¸öÈ˸üÔ¸Òâ²ÎÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£À´×Ô170ÃûÃÀ¹úÔ±¹¤µÄÊý¾Ý½á¹ûÖ¤Ã÷ÁËÂí»ùÑÅάÀûÖ÷ÒåÕ߸üÔ¸Òâ´ÓÊÂÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ[14]¡£ÒÀ¾ÝÉç»á½»»»ÀíÂۺ͵ÀµÂÍÑÀëÀíÂÛ,¹¤×÷²»°²È«¸Ð»áÔö¼Ó¹¤×÷³¡ËùÆ«ÀëºÍÔö¼ÓÔ±¹¤ÍÑÀëµÀµÂµÄÒâͼ¡£Èç¹û¹ÄÀøÔ±¹¤µÀµÂÍÑÀë,¹¤×÷²»°²È«»áÔö¼Ó¹¤×÷³¡ËùµÄÆ«ÀëºÍÒâͼ¡£HuangµÈÈË(2017)¶ÔÖйú¹¤È˽øÐÐÁËÁ½´ÎÖͺóÑо¿,ΪÒÔÉÏÑо¿ÌṩÁËÖ§³Ö[15]¡£¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ,¹¤×÷²»°²È«¶Ô×éÖ¯ºÍÈ˼ʹØϵµÄÆ«ÀëºÍͨ¹ýµÀµÂÍÑÀë½Ó´¥µÄÒâͼ¼ä½ÓÓ°ÏìÁ˸öÈË»ñµÃ¸ü¶àµÄ¾ÍÒµ»ú»á¡£
¡¡¡¡Baumeister(2001)ʹÓÃ×ÔÎÒµ÷½ÚÀíÂÛÀ´Ñо¿ÇéÐ÷Æ£±¹,ͨ¹ý×ÔÎÒµ÷½Ú»úÖÆÓÐÖúÓÚ±ÜÃâʧҵ¸öÈ˵IJ»µÀµÂÐÐΪ[16]¡£×ÔÎÒµ÷½ÚÀíÂÛ±íÃ÷,չʾ×ÔÎÒ¿ØÖÆÐèҪʹÓÃÓÐÏÞµÄ×ÔÎÒ¼à¹Ü×ÊÔ´¡£ÕâЩ×ÔÎÒ¼à¹Ü»úÖƵÄʹÓõ¼ÖÂÕâЩ×ÊÔ´µÄ¿Ý½ß,½µµÍÁ˸öÌåÕ¹ÏÖ×ÔÎÒÑ¡ÔñËùÐèµÄ×ÔÎÒ¿ØÖÆÄÜÁ¦¡£Í¨¹ýÇéÐ÷Æ£±¹À´ÉóÊÓ¹¤×÷²»°²È«¸ÐÓë²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄºËÐÄÖнé¹Øϵ¡£Ô±¹¤ÔÚÇéÐ÷Æ£±¹µÄʱºò¿ÉÄܸü»á×ö³öÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£ÈçLawrenceºÍKacmar(2017)µÄÑо¿Ö¸³ö,À´×Ô²»Í¬ÐÐÒµµÄÔ±¹¤²úÉúµÄ¹¤×÷²»°²È«¸Ð»áÔö¼ÓÇéÐ÷Æ£ÀÍ,´Ó¶øÓ°ÏìÔ±¹¤¼¤»î×ÔÎÒµ÷½Ú¹ý³ÌµÄÄÜÁ¦,Ó°Ïì²ÎÓë²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ[17]¡£È»¶ø,¹¤×÷²»°²È«¸ÐºÍÇéÐ÷Æ£±¹Ö®¼äµÄÁªÏµÒÔ¼°¹¤×÷²»°²È«ºÍ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äͨ¹ýÇéÐ÷Æ£±¹µÄÖнé¹Øϵ,¶ÔÓڸ߶ÈǶÈë×éÖ¯ÖеÄÔ±¹¤¾ßÓнϸߵÄÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡µÀµÂÍÑÀë×÷Ϊ¸öÌå¶Ô²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ½øÐÐÐÞÊκÍÑÚÊεÄÈÏÖª·½Ê½¾³£Äܹ»ÔÚÉú»îÖп´µ½,¶ø¸öÌåÌØÖÊÊǵÀµÂÍÑÀë²úÉúµÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒòÖ®Ò»[18]¡£Ô±¹¤ÓÐÇ¿ÁÒµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ,Ô¸ÒâΪ×éÖ¯¸¶³ö,ÒÔ´ïµ½¸ü´óµÄ¼¨Ð§ºÍÀûÒæ,ÕâÊÇ×éÖ¯Ô¸Òâ¿´µ½µÄ,µ«´ÓÔ±¹¤µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ,Ô±¹¤Ó¦¸ÃÌá¸ß×ÔÎÒµ÷½ÚÄÜÁ¦,²¢¶ÔµÀµÂÐÐΪ½øÐÐ×ÔÎÒ¹ÜÀí;´Ó×éÖ¯µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´Ëµ,×éÖ¯Ó¦¸ÃÔöÇ¿×éÖ¯ÎÄ»¯µÄµÀµÂÔ¼Êø×÷ÓÃÀ´¼õÉÙÔ±¹¤µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡´ËÍâ,δÀ´µÄÑо¿Ó¦¸Ã×¢ÖØ:ÔÚÃæ¶Ô¹¤×÷²»°²È«¸ÐºÍ¸öÈ˵ľö²ß¹ý³ÌÖÐ,µÀµÂÍÑÀëµÄ×÷ÓÃ,½«¸öÈËÌØÖʺ͵ÀµÂÍÑÀë½ÓÄÉΪ²»µÀµÂµÄ¾ö²ß¹ý³ÌÖеĵ÷½Ú±äÁ¿,ÒÔ½øÒ»²½Àí½âÕâЩ¸´ÔӵĹØϵ¡£
¡¡¡¡(¶þ) Áìµ¼·ç¸ñÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿
¡¡¡¡1.Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪºÍµÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼
¡¡¡¡¹«Ë¾µÄÉú´æ·¢Õ¹Àë²»¿ªÆóÒµÎÄ»¯,Ò»¸öÓз¢Õ¹Ç°¾°µÄ¹«Ë¾±ØÈ»ÓÐÎïÖÊÀûÒæÖ®ÉϵÄ×·Çó,ÔÚ¾Óª¹ý³ÌÖбØÈ»ÓÐ×Ô¼ºËù×·ÇóµÄÐÅÑö,Õâ¸öÐÅÑö¾Í°üÀ¨µÀµÂÂ×Àí¡£ÓеÀµÂµÄ¹«Ë¾Äܹ»·¢Õ¹µÄ¸ü¼Ó¼á¹Ì,ËùÒÔ¹«Ë¾Ó¦¸ÃÕÒ³ö²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀ´Ô´²¢½ûÖ¹,¼´±ãÕâ¸öÐÐΪÊǶԹ«Ë¾ÓÐÒæµÄ¡£×÷ΪһÖÖÌØÊâµÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÒýÆðÁËѧÕßÃǵĹØ×¢¡£Miao¡¢NewmanµÈÈË(2013)¶ÔÖйú¹«Ö°ÈËÔ±½øÐÐÁËÑо¿¡£ÔÚÕâÏîÑо¿ÖÐ,ËûÃÇÑо¿µÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ,Ñо¿ÈÏΪ¹ÍԱΪ´Ù½ø×éÖ¯¶ø½øÐеIJ»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÒÔ¼°¹ØϵµÄÇ¿¶È²»Í¬ÊÇÓÉÓÚ¾ÀúÁ˸ߵ͵ļල[19]¡£¸ù¾ÝÖйú239¸ö¹«¹²²¿ÃŹÍÔ±µÄÈý´Îµ÷²éÊý¾Ý,·¢ÏÖµÀµÂÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÓÐ×ŵ¹UÐÎ(ÇúÏß)µÄ¹Øϵ¡£Ëæ×ŵÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ´ÓµÍµ½¸ß,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÔö¼Ó;Ëæ×ŵÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ´ÓÖжÈÉÏÉýµ½¸ßλ,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪϽµ¡£Genqiang(2016)ÔÚÀíÂÛÑо¿µÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ,µ÷²éÁËÀ´×Ô²»Í¬ÀàÐÍÈËÔ±µÄ489ÃûÔ±¹¤,ÊÔͼÕÒ³öµÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼ä¹ØϵµÄÐÔÖÊ,ÒÔ¼°×éÖ¯ÈÏͬºÍÂýÐÔ¼à¹Ü½¹µãµÄ×÷ÓÃ,Ñо¿½á¹ûÒ²ºÍÖйú¹«¹²²¿ÃŹÍÔ±µÄÊý¾Ý½á¹ûÒ»Ñù,Ëæ×ŵÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ´ÓµÍµ½¸ßµÄÉý¸ß,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÔö¼Ó;Ëæ×ŵÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ´ÓÖжÈÉÏÉý,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪϽµ;²¢ÇÒ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬµ÷½ÚµÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¹Øϵ;Ô±¹¤³¤ÆÚ¼à¹ÜÒ²µ÷½ÚÁ˵ÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ¹Øϵ[20]¡£
![](http://www.xueshut.com/uploads/allimg/200426/33-20042610545B12.png)
¡¡¡¡Fehr(2015)ʹÓõÀµÂ»ù´¡ÀíÂÛÀ´Ö¤Ã÷×·ËæÕß×îÓпÉÄÜ×·ËæµÄÁìµ¼ÐÐΪµÄÀàÐÍ,È·¶¨ÁËά³ÖµÀµÂ×Ô×ðºÍµÀµÂÉùÓþµÄ¶¯»ú,ÊÇ×·ËæÕßÐÐΪµÄÁ½¸ö²»Í¬Í¾¾¶¡£×îºóչʾÁËÁìµ¼ÕßµÀµÂÐÐΪ(ÀýÈç,ͬÇéÐÄ,Öҳ϶È)µÄ¼Ûֵȡ¾öÓÚ³öÏÖµÄÌض¨ÀàÐ͵Ä×·ËæÕßÐÐΪ(ÀýÈçÇ×Éç»áÐÐΪ,Ç××éÖ¯ÐÐΪ)[9]¡£µ±µÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ²»¸ßʱ,¿ÉÒÔÍƶ¯Áìµ¼ºÍÔ±¹¤Ö®¼ä¸ßÖÊÁ¿µÄÉç»á»¥¶¯,Ô±¹¤½«¸ß¶ÈÈÏͬ×éÖ¯»ú¹¹¡£µ«µ±µÀµÂÐÍÁ쵼ˮƽ·Ç³£¸ßʱ,»á×è°Ô±¹¤µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£Èç¹ûÁìµ¼ÕßµÀµÂˮƽºÜ¸ß,±ã×ÜÊǻᴫµÝÔ±¹¤±ØÐë×ñÊصÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ÕâÖÖµ¹UÇúÏß¹Øϵ½«Êܵ½Ô±¹¤ÈÏͬÁìµ¼ÕßµÄÓ°Ïì;Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,µ±Ô±¹¤¸ß¶ÈÈÏͬÁìµ¼Õßʱ,ÕâÖÖÇúÏß¹Øϵ»á±äµÃ¸ü¼ÓÃ÷ÏÔ¡£ÒòΪÕâÑù»áʹԱ¹¤¸Ðµ½¹ØÐÄÁìµ¼Õß,¹«Æ½¶Ô´ý,×îÖÕÈÃËûÃÇÈÏΪӦ¸Ã°´ÕÕÔ¤Æڵķ½Ê½À´»Ø±¨×éÖ¯»ò×éÖ¯Áìµ¼¡£ÒÔÍùÑо¿Ê¹ÓÃÉç»áѧϰÀíÂÛÀ´±íÃ÷µÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼¿ÉÄܴ̼¤ºÍתÒÆÂ×Àí¹æ·¶ºÍÐÐΪ¡£È»¶ø,Ä¿Ç°µÄÑо¿È´ÏÔʾ³öµÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼²ãºÚ°µµÄÒ»Ãæ,ÓÐÑо¿Õß×ö³öÁ˲»Ò»ÑùµÄÑо¿½áÂÛ,ÈçKalshoven¡¢van DijkºÍBoon(2016)Ìáµ½µÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÁªÏµ»úÖÆÒòÖ°Òµ×ÔÖ÷Ȩ²»Í¬¶øÒì¡£ËûÃÇÀûÓÃ156ÃûºÉÀ¼Ô±¹¤µÄÓÐЧÎʾíÊý¾Ý,̽ÌÖÁ˵ÀµÂÁìµ¼ºÍÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ¡£½á¹û·¢ÏÖ¶ÔÓڸ߶ȹ¤×÷×ÔÖ÷µÄ×·ËæÕß,µÀµÂÁ쵼ͨ¹ý×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÖнéºóÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÏÔÖøÏà¹Ø[21],Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,µÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼Ò²¿ÉÄÜʹԱ¹¤×ö³ö¸ü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,×·ËæÕß¿ÉÄÜÇãÏòÓÚͨ¹ý±íÏÖ³ö×Ô¼º¸ü¸ßÖҳ϶ÈÀ´Ö¤Ã÷Æä²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÊÇÕýµ±µÄ,ËûÃÇÈÃ×Ô¼ºÏàÐÅ:×Ô¼ºÖ»ÊÇÔÚ×ö×é֯ϣÍûËûÃÇ×öµÄÊÂÇé,»òÕßÕâºÍÔ±¹¤ÊÇ·ñÐèҪͨ¹ýÌÖºÃ×éÖ¯»òÕß»ñµÃ¸ü¸ßµÄÀûÒæÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹Øϵ,ÕâÒ²ÊǺóÐøÑо¿ÐèÒª¹Ø×¢µÄÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡2.Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪºÍ±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼
¡¡¡¡±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼¶Ô×éÖ¯³ÉÔ±µÄÐÐΪºÍ̬¶È»á²úÉúÉîÔ¶µÄÓ°Ïì,ÖîÈçÔ±¹¤µÄ˼¿¼·½Ê½ºÍÐÐΪ·½Ê½¡£Graham,ZiegertºÍCapitano(2015)̽ÌÖÁËÁìµ¼Á¦¶ÔÔ±¹¤²ÎÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÒâÔ¸µÄÓ°Ïì,²¢½øÒ»²½Ñо¿ÁËÁìµ¼ÐÅÏ¢µÄ¿ò¼ÜЧӦ¡£»ùÓÚ2×2Ç龰ʵÑéÉè¼ÆÊÕ¼¯µÄ74¸öÓÐЧÊý¾Ý±íÃ÷,µ±ÐÅÏ¢¿ò¼Ü½ÏÉÙʱ,÷ÈÁ¦Áìµ¼Á¦ºÍתÐÍÁìµ¼ÄÜÁ¦½«³¬¹ýÊÂÎñÁìµ¼Á¦,½«»á²úÉú¸ü¶àÔ±¹¤µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,ÕâÖÖЧӦ²»»á·¢ÉúÔÚÐÅÏ¢¿ò¼ÜºÜ¶àµÄÌõ¼þÏÂ[22]¡£
¡¡¡¡ËæºóÓÐÑо¿Ìá³öÑо¿±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼¶ÔÔ±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÓ°Ïì,¶øÇÒ̽ÌÖÁ˱ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÔ±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬµÄÖнéЧӦ¡£EffelsbergºÍSolga(2015)µÄÑо¿±íÃ÷,Ô±¹¤ÇãÏòÓÚÔÚ±ä¸ïÐÍÁ쵼ϽøÐиü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,²¢ÇÒ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÆðµ½ÁËÖнé×÷ÓÃ,Ô±¹¤µÄ¸öÈËÇãÏò¾ßÓлººÍ×÷ÓÃ[23]¡£Effelsberg(2015)·¢ÏÖתÐÍÁìµ¼ºÍÔ±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÓÐÏÔÖøµÄÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ¡£µ«ÊÇËüÊÇÓÉ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬµÄ×÷ÓÃËùÒý·¢µÄ,¼´±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼ºÍ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ´æÔÚÕýÏà¹Ø¹Øϵ,×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ½«¼¤ÀøÔ±¹¤²úÉú¸ü¶àµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£Í¬Ê±,¸öÈËÇãÏò»á¶Ô×éÖ¯ÈÏͬºÍÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ²úÉú»ººÍµÄÓ°Ïì,Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,Èç¹ûÔ±¹¤µÄ¸öÈË̬¶ÈºÜ¸ß,×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄÕýÏò¹Øϵ»á¸ü¸ß,·ñÔò¾Í»á½µµÍ¡£ÁíÍâ229Ãûº«¹úÔ±¹¤µÄÔÚÏßÆÀ¹À½á¹û±íÃ÷,±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÔ±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼ä´æÔÚ×ÅÏÔÖøÏà¹Ø,×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÔÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äͬÑùÆðµ½ÁËÖнé×÷ÓÃ[24]¡£ÕâÒâζ×űä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼ÓëÔ±¹¤Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹ØϵÊÜ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬËùÖнé,ÇÒÓÐÏÔÖøÕýÏà¹Ø¡£Ä¿Ç°,ÓÐÑо¿¼ì²éÁ˹¤×÷ÈÈÇéºÍÌØÖÊÊÇ·ñÁªºÏÓ°Ïì×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ,Çý¶¯Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£¶Ô120ÃûÃÀ¹úÔ±¹¤µÄʵµØµ÷²é±íÃ÷,ÕýÄîµ÷½ÚÁË×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ֮¼äµÄ¹Øϵ¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ãæ,¸ÐÖª×éÖ¯Ö§³ÖÓë×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÕýÏà¹Ø,µ«ÓëÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ²¢ÎÞÏÔ×ÅÏà¹Ø[25]¡£ÎªÁ˼õÉÙ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬËùµ¼ÖµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,Ô±¹¤¿ÉÒÔÔöÇ¿ÌØÖÊÕýÄî¡£
¡¡¡¡ÕâЩÑо¿½á¹ûÍƶ¯ÁË×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,¹¤×÷ÈÈÇéºÍ̬¶ÈµÄÑо¿,Ϊ¹ÜÀíÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÌṩÏÖʵÒâÒ塣ͨ¹ýÇ°È˵ÄÑо¿¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ,×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÊÇÒ»¸öºÜÖØÒªµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ,ÆäÖÐÆðµ½µ÷½Ú×÷ÓõÄÓиöÈËÌØÖÊ,×éÖ¯¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÕýÄîѵÁ·À´Ìá¸ß¹¤×÷ÈÈÇé,µ÷½ÚÔ±¹¤µÄÐÄÀí×ʱ¾,ÔöÇ¿Ô±¹¤µÄ×éÖ¯¹«ÃñÐÐΪ,¼õÉÙÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡´ÓÒÔÉÏÑо¿¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö,ÔÚµÀµÂÐÍÁìµ¼ºÍ±ä¸ïÐÍÁìµ¼µÄ²»Í¬·ç¸ñÖÐ,Ô±¹¤µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¶¼ºÍ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÓйØϵ¡£ËµÃ÷×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÊÇÒ»¸öºÜÖØÒªµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ¡£Ô±¹¤µÄ²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÖ÷ÒªÊÇΪÁË´ò»÷×éÖ¯,µ«ÊÇËûÃǵÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪּÔÚʹ×éÖ¯ÊÜÒæ¡£Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪһ¸öÍ»³öµÄÁ¦Á¿ÊÇ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ,×éÖ¯ÈÏͬÊÇÒ»ÖÖÑ¡ÔñÐԵĽá¹û,ÒªÓÐÀíÐÔµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ²ÅÄܼõÉÙÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,¶øʱÖÁ½ñÈÕ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬµÄÑо¿ÖÚ˵·×ç¡,Õâ¾ÍÈçͬÀíÐÔ¾ö²ßÒ»Ñù,ʲôʱºòÈËÄÜ×ö³öÀíÐÔ¾ö²ßÄØ?ʲôʱºòÔ±¹¤ÄÜ×ö³öÀíÐÔµÄ×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ?²¢ÇÒ¹ØÓÚÄÄЩÒòËظÉÈÅÁË×éÖ¯ÈÏͬ½ø¶øÓ°ÏìÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¾ö²ßÈÔȻ֪֮ÉõÉÙ¡£¸üºÃµØÁ˽âÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖúÔ±¹¤ºÍ×éÖ¯¹ÜÀíÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡ËÄ¡¢ Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿µÄ¾ÖÏÞ
¡¡¡¡Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÊÇÖ¸³ÉԱΪ°ïÖú¼¯ÍųÉÔ±»ò×éÖ¯,ÓÐÒâ½øÐÐÎ¥·´Éç»áºËÐļÛÖµ¹Û,Ï°Ë×,·¨Âɺͷ¨¹æÐÐΪ»òÉç»áµÀµÂ×¼ÔòµÄ±ê×¼Êʵ±ÐÐΪ¡£Ô±¹¤ÐÐΪּÔÚÌá¸ß×é֯Ŀ±êºÍ×éÖ¯ÀûÒæ,µ«ÒÔ³¬Ô½±ØÒªÐÔºÍÀíÐԵķ½Ê½Ëðº¦ÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßµÄÀûÒæ,´Ó¶ø×ö³ö²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£ºÜ¶àÑо¿Õß½øÐÐÁËÏà¹ØµÄʵ֤Ñо¿,µ«ÊÇ»¹Ã»ÓаüÀ¨ÆäÈ«²¿·¶Î§µÄÖØҪǰÒòºó¹ûµÄÈ«Ãæ¿ò¼Ü,¹ØÓÚÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿¿ò¼ÜÊÇÁãÉ¢ºÍÄ£ºýµÄ¡£
¡¡¡¡PierceºÍAguinis(2015)ËäÈ»ÒÀ¾ÝÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÌá³öÓк¦µÄ¹«ÃñÐÐΪµÄÄ£ÐÍ[8],ÆäÄ£ÐÍÒÀ¿¿µÀµÂ¾ö²ß,´´ÔìÁ¦ºÍÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßµÄÀíÂÛ½«Óк¦µÄ¹«ÃñÐÐΪ½á¹¹Ç¶Èëµ½¶à²ã´ÎºÍ×ÝÏòÄ£ÐÍÖÐ,ÌṩÁËÈçºÎ¹ÜÀíÕâÖָ߶ÈÏà¹ØµÄ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪµÄ½¨Òé,µ«ÊÇȴûÓн«Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÈÚÈëÀíÂÛ¿ò¼ÜÖ®ÄÚ¡£Õâ˵Ã÷¹ØÓÚÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ»¹ÐèÒª¼ÌÐø½øÐÐÉîÈëÑо¿,ÒÔÆÚÄܹ»¸ø¹ÜÀíºÍ×éÖ¯¸ü¼ÓÉîÈëµÄ¿Æѧʵ¼ù¡£
¡¡¡¡Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄ²âÁ¿»á´æÔÚÎÄ»¯²îÒì,¶«Î÷·½ÎÄ»¯²îÒì»áÓ°Ïì¸öÌåºÍ×éÖ¯¶ÔÓÚÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀí½â,ÐèÒª¸ù¾ÝÎÄ»¯±³¾°À´½øÐвâÁ¿¹¤¾ßµÄÖØбàÖÆÒԵóö¿ÆѧµÄ²âÁ¿¹¤¾ß¡£
¡¡¡¡Îå¡¢ Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿Õ¹Íû
¡¡¡¡Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÔÚ×éÖ¯ÖеÄÓ¦ÓÃÔ½À´Ô½Êܵ½ÖØÊÓ,ÈÔÈ»ÊÇ×éÖ¯ÐÐΪÑо¿µÄÐÂÁìÓò¡£Òò´Ë,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿¿ÉÒÔ¼ÌÐø´ÓÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½Ãæ½øÐÐÉ¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»,¸Ä½øÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ²âÁ¿¹¤¾ß¡£ÔÚÏֽ׶Î,´ó²¿·ÖÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿Ê¹ÓÃÁËUmfressºÍBinghanÔÚ2010ÄêÐγɵÄÎʾíµ÷²éÎÊ¾í¡£ËäÈ»ÓÐЩÑо¿ÒѾ֤Ã÷ÁËËüµÄÊÔÓÃÆÚ,µ«ÓÉÓÚ×ÔÎÒ±¨¸æʹÓÃÁËÎʾíµ÷²éÎʾí,ËùÒÔÎʾíµÄ²âÁ¿ÄÚÈÝÊÇÔ±¹¤×öÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,²»ÊÇÕæÕýµÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£Éç»áÆÚÍûЧӦ»áÓ°ÏìÎʾíµÄÓÐЧÐÔ¡£Òò´Ë,ÈçºÎ¿Ë·þÉç»áÆÚÍûЧӦÀ´»ñµÃ¿Í¹ÛÊý¾ÝÈÔÓдý½øÒ»²½·¢Õ¹¡£ËäÈ»¹úÄÚÒ²ÓÐÑо¿ÕßÌá³ö¶þά½á¹¹Á¿±í,²¢ÇÒÊÇ»ùÓÚ¹úÄÚ±¾ÍÁ»¯¸Ä½øµÄ²âÁ¿¹¤¾ß,µ«ÊÇÆäÁ¿±íµÄÍƹãÐÔºÍÊÊÓÃÐÔ»¹Óдý½øÒ»²½¿¼²ì¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ,ÖØÊÓÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀíÂÛÑо¿¡£²»ÄÑ·¢ÏÖ,¶ÔÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÑо¿Ö»ÊÇΧÈÆʵ֤Ñо¿,¶ÔÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀíÂÛÑо¿»¹±È½ÏÉÙ¡£ËäÈ»UmphressºÍBinghanÊÔͼÌá³öÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪЧӦģÐÍ,µ«Ä£Ð͵ÄÊÊÓÃÐÔÈÔÓдý²âÊÔ¡£ÐèÒª½øÐиü¶àµÄÀíÂÛÑо¿À´·á¸»Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÀíÂÛÑо¿,½øÒ»²½Ã÷È·Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¿ÉÄÜÒý·¢µÄºó¹û¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý,Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿Ó¦ÊʺÏ×éÖ¯µÄÏÖʵ¡£Ä¿Ç°,¹ØÓÚÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪÑо¿½öÏÞÓÚ¼òµ¥µÄË«²ã¹Øϵ,»òÕß¼ÓÒ»¸ö¸öÌåÒòËØ»òÕß×éÖ¯ÒòËØ×öÖн顣µ«ÊÇ,Ëæמ«Ï¸½á¹¹µÄ²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹,×éÖ¯½á¹¹µÄ´ó²¿·ÖÒѾ²»¸´´æÔÚÁË¡£¶ÔÓÚδÀ´µÄÑо¿,¿ÉÒÔÑо¿Ç××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÌÞ³ýЧӦ¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵,ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ̽ÌÖ×ܾÀíµÄÁìµ¼·ç¸ñÊÇ·ñ»áÓ°ÏìÖвã¹ÜÀíÈËÔ±µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ,´Ó¶øÓ°ÏìÔ±¹¤µÄÇ××éÖ¯²»µÀµÂÐÐΪ¡£
¡¡¡¡µÚËÄ,¹¤×÷³¡Ëù²»µÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÖ÷µ¼Ä£Ê½Î´ÄÜ˵Ã÷ÎÒÃÇ´ÓµÀµÂÐÄÀíѧºÍÈÏÖªÉñ¾¿ÆѧÖÐѧµ½µÄ¹ØÓÚÈËÃÇÈçºÎÒÔ¼°ÎªÊ²Ã´×ö³öµÀµÂ¾ö²ß[26]¡£¸öÈ˶ÔDZÔڵĵÀµÂÑ¡ÔñµÄ´¦ÀíÊÇʲôÑùµÄ²úÉú»úÖÆ,Ä¿Ç°»¹²»Çå³þ,ÈçºÎÔÚÐÐΪµÄºó¹ûÖб»±àÂëÒ²Éдý¿¼¾¿¡£½ñºó,ÐèÒªÑо¿Õ߸ü¶àµØ²ÎÓë×éÖ¯»ú¹¹²¢ÇÒͨ¹ý´óÁ¿Ñо¿È¥Ìá³öÒ»¸öÊÔͼÕûºÏÕâЩз¢ÏÖµÄпò¼Ü,È»ºó¸üºÃµØÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹¤×÷³¡Ëù¡£
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
¡¡¡¡[1] Ilie A.Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors:Antecedents and Boundary Conditions[J].2012.
¡¡¡¡[2] Yaozhong L.Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior:Concept,Measurement and Empirical Research[J].Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies,2015:3,150-155.
¡¡¡¡[3] Gurchiek K.US Workers Unlikely to Report Office Misconduct.HR Magazine[J].2006:51,38.
¡¡¡¡[4] Umphress E E,Bingham J B.When Employees Do Bad Things for Good Reasons:Examining Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviors[J].Organization Science,2011,22(3):621-640.
¡¡¡¡[5] Umphress E E,Bingham J B,Mitchell M S.Unethical behavior in the name of the company:the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior.[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2010,95(4):769.
¡¡¡¡[6] Ïĸ£±ó.Ô±¹¤²»µÀµÂÇ××éÖ¯ÐÐΪµÄÇ°ÒòÓëºó¹ûÑо¿[D].´óÁ¬:¶«±±²Æ¾´óѧ,2014.
¡¡¡¡[7] Matherne C F,Litchfield S R.Investigating the relationship between affective commitment and unethical pro-organizational behaviors:The role of moral identity[J].Journal of Leadership Accountability & Ethics,2012,9(5):35-46.
¡¡¡¡[8] Jason R.Pierce,Herman Aguinis.Detrimental Citizenship Behaviour:A Multilevel Framework of Antecedents and Consequences[J].Management & Organization Review,2015,11(1):69-99.
¡¡¡¡[9] Fehr R,Yam K C,Dang C.Moralized leadership:The construction and consequences of ethical leader perceptions.[J].Academy of Management Review,2015,40(2):182-209.
¡¡¡¡[10] Gino F,Pierce L.Dishonesty in the name of equity[J].Psychological Science,2010,20(9):1153-1160.
¡¡¡¡[11] Tian Q,& Peterson D K.The effects of ethical pressure and power distance orientation on unethical pro-organizational behavior:the case of earnings management[J].Business Ethics-a European Review,2016(2):25,159-171.
¡¡¡¡[12] Lee A,Schwarz G,Newman A,et al.Investigating When and Why Psychological Entitlement Predicts Unethical Pro-organizational Behavior[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2017(2):1-18.
¡¡¡¡[13] Chen M,Chen C C,Sheldon O J.Relaxing moral reasoning to win:How organizational identification relates to unethical pro-organizational behavior[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2016,101(8):1082-1096.
¡¡¡¡[14] Castille C M,Buckner J E,Thoroughgood C N.Prosocial Citizens Without a Moral Compass?Examining the Relationship Between Machiavellianism and Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2018:1-12.
¡¡¡¡[15] Huang G,Wellman N,Ashford S J,et al.Deviance and exit:The organizational costs of job insecurity and moral disengagement[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2017,102(1):26-42.
¡¡¡¡[16] Baumeister R F.Personality psychology in the workplace:Decade of behavior[M].Washington,AmericanPsychological Association,2001:299-316.
¡¡¡¡[17] Lawrence E R,& Kacmar K M.Exploring the Impact of Job Insecurity on Employees' Unethical Behavior[J].Business Ethics Quarterly,2017,27(1):39-70.
¡¡¡¡[18] Moore C,Detert J R,Trevi¨¾o L K,Mayer D M.Why employees do bad things:moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,2012,65(1):1-48.
¡¡¡¡[19] Miao Q,Newman A,Yu J,et al.The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior:Linear or curvilinear effects?[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2013,116(3):641-653.
¡¡¡¡[20] Genqiang L I,Psychology D O,Management S O,et al.Ethical Leadership,Organizational Identification and Employees' Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior:The Moderate Effect of Chronic Regulatory Focus[J].Science of Science & Management of S & T,2016.
¡¡¡¡[21] Kalshoven K,Dijk H V,Boon C.Why and when does ethical leadership evoke unethical follower behavior?[J].Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings,2016,2013(1):13515.
¡¡¡¡[22] Graham K A,Ziegert J C,Capitano J.The Effect of Leadership Style,Framing,and Promotion Regulatory Focus on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2015,126(3):423-436.
¡¡¡¡[23] Effelsberg D,Solga M.Transformational Leaders' In-Group versus Out-Group Orientation:Testing the Link Between Leaders' Organizational Identification,their Willingness to Engage in Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior,and Follower-Perceived Transformational Leadership[J].Journal of Business Ethics,2015:126,581-590.
¡¡¡¡[24] Kang-Min L,S-G C,Sang-Gil J.The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior-Mediating Effect of Organizational Identification[J].Journal of Digital Convergence,2016,14(2):83-98.
¡¡¡¡[25] Kong D T.The pathway to unethical pro-organizational behavior:Organizational identification as a joint function of work passion and trait mindfulness[J].Personality And Individual Differences,2016:93,86-91.
¡¡¡¡[26] Moore C,Gino F.Approach,Ability,Aftermath:A Psychological Process Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work[J].Academy of Management Annals,2015,9(1):235-289.