地球表层的土壤是在物理、生物、化学风化过程综合作用下形成的产物, 记录了第四纪以来与气候、环境、人类等有关的地球演化信息, 是重要的研究全球变化的载体.风化过程下的成土作用一般经历了原始母岩矿物的分解、体系内离子的迁移以及新矿物的形成等一系列的进程.成土体系中元素的迁移、粒度分布、新矿物的生成等与成土有关的特质可以用来确定其风化程度, 进而反映成土期的气候变化.其中, 成土体系中自生的粘土矿物与铁矿物等自生矿物的矿物学信息可以提取并作为可靠的反演第四纪古气候的风化指标.
成土作用中新生成的粘土矿物直接受成土期盛行的环境状态与气候条件的影响, 所以其组成、粒度、含量、结晶度等矿物学特征充分记录了成土期的气候与环境信息.其中伊利石、绿泥石、蛭石、蒙脱石、高岭石等土壤中常见的粘土矿物具有极其鲜明的气候反演意义, 单独的某种粘土矿物的含量特征或者某些粘土矿物的比值变化都可以用来反映成土期的风化程度与气候演化特征.另外, 随着微观分析技术的不断进步, 粘土矿物的微观转换特征更是为成土期的气候转变提供了直接的证据.
除了粘土矿物, 成土体系中也会新生成部分磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等磁性铁矿物与赤铁矿、针铁矿等非/弱磁性铁矿物.自生的铁矿物是反映成土期的湿度条件、温度范围的有效指标, 因此对当时的气候演化历史也与很好的指示意义.磁铁矿与磁赤铁矿的含量与磁化率息息相关, 黄土-古土壤序列中的磁化率与深海氧同位素波动有明显的正相关关系, 证明磁化率可以帮助反演大陆古气候特征.另一方面, 赤铁矿与针铁矿在成土体系中的此消彼长与季风性的气候变化相对应, 独立的赤铁矿和/或针铁矿的含量变化, 或者赤铁矿与针铁矿的比值都可以用作季风气候演化的指标.
成土体系中新生的粘土矿物与铁矿物的矿物学特征在一定条件下都可以作为独立的反映气候信息的良好指标.但是在真正将其应用在某研究区域中时, 还要充分考虑当地的地质背景、物源供给、气候类型、成土条件等因素的制约.在将某古气候指标应用于实际研究中时, 要注意结合主量元素、微量元素、粒度分布、同位素等指标共同印证, 使得得到的结论清晰可靠.另外, 在今后的研究中, 应该积极探寻光谱学等新的风化指标, 在多指标的共同重建下力求对区域内的古气候历史完整、精准的表达.
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