心理咨询与治疗中来访者动机研究(3)
来源:学术堂 作者:朱老师
发布于:2016-12-13 共14145字
第三,促进来访者动机所隐含的文化问题需要重视。如果将自主动机作为行为改变核心影响因素,那么尊重来访者自主就不只是成功治疗起作用的工具,很多时候代表着治疗本身的价值;支持来访者自主是促进来访者行为改变的重要环境变量,在咨询与治疗过程中也是治疗师的重要伦理责任(Lynch et al., 2011; Ryan et al., 2011;Vansteenkiste et al., 2012)。SDT证实了个体的自主需求和自主支持具有跨文化的普适性(Chirkov,2009; Manzi, Regalia, Pelucchi, & Fincham, 2012),然而在非西方文化背景下践行来访者自主的原则或提供自主支持的氛围,就会带来文化适用问题(Lynch et al., 2011; Ryan et al., 2011)。因为自主被认为是根植于西方个人主义文化的概念,受精神分析理论影响颇深,强调分离-个体化;而在集体主义背景中人际关联比分离、独立或自主更重要,两种文化的冲突不可回避。MI学者绕开了这个问题,他们的焦点集中在动机会谈技术的使用上;SDT学者对这些争议做出回应。他们再次阐明SDT所强调的“自主”不等同于独立或个人主义,而是来自哲学对自律意志或真实自我的理解,做自已的主人(taking ownership)、自我掌控(self-endorse)是自主的核心;这也是个体自我功能整合的重要内容(Weinstein, Przybylski, & Ryan, 2013);当自主解释为促进意志的表达或选择时,自主可以被不同文化所接受(Lynch et al.,2011),刘陈陵和周宗奎(2014)以中国大学生为被试证实这种观点。有研究者将自主支持分为支持独立和支持意志两种类型,并证实父母支持意志而不是支持独立,对心理功能有积极的影响(Soenens et al., 2007)。SDT学者强调多元文化背景下要重视治疗师与来访者的文化匹配问题,成功的治疗师会置身于来访者的内部框架,对文化问题保持敏感(Lynch et al.,2011)。尽管如此,在非西方文化中应用自主或自主支持,仍需要更多的实证检验(刘靖东,钟伯光,姒刚彦, 2013)。
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