摘 要
土壤是生态环境的主要组成部分，人类获得食物很大一部分都是来自于土壤孕育的生物。人类的物质生活与生产是以土壤为物质基础的，土壤环境状况的好坏，不但对人类的食品安全与身体健康有着直接的影响，而且对我国的生态环境安全和国民经济发展产生深远的影响。我国是一个传统的农业国家，从一个落后的农业大国发展到一个初具规模的工业大国，改革发展必然会对生态环境造成一定的破坏，我国也避免不了 “先污染，后治理”的路子。对于治理环境，人们首先想到就是对大气、水等比较直观的污染物进行治理，而对土壤污染没有直观的概念，没有引起足够的重视。土壤污染问题，是一个影响国家经济发展与人民健康生活的严重问题。据国家首次针对土壤污染调查报告显示，调查涉及的630万平方公里土地中，83.9%的土壤达到标准，而受污染土壤上百万平方公里，耕地土壤点位超标约19.4%.（《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》）这仅是初步勘查结果，由此推测我国土壤受污染的情况十分严重。而缺少治理土壤污染的法律，是该问题的根本原因。本文基于土壤污染防治立法问题，对我国土壤污染防治的法律制度构建与完善提出一点建议，为顺利开展立法工作提供一些参考。
本文结合国情和土壤环境相关调查工作与结论，阐明国内因缺少相关法律保障，而导致土壤受到污染的严重性，加快制定土壤污染防治法进程不容小视。通过对土壤污染防治法的概念与相关理论的介绍；然后阐述美日发达国家的土壤污染防治立法经验，以土壤功能区划制度和土壤污染防治基金制度的构建为重点阐述内容。最后，针对我国现行土壤污染防治问题，提出构建土壤污染防治法律的建议，分别从如何预防、治理土壤污染，阐述土壤环境标准、农业清洁生产、土壤功能区划定、土壤污染整治资金保障、土壤污染法律责任。
关键词：土坏污染；土坏污染昉治；土坏污染昉治立法
Abstract
Soil is one of the main parts of the ecological environment. Most of the food that humanbeings consume is organisms from the soil. The material life and production of human takessoil as the material base. Soil environmental quality does not only pose a direct impact onhuman health and food safety, but also have a profound impact on China's ecologicalenvironment security and national economic development. China is a traditional agriculturalcountry, and has now developed from a backward agricultural country into an industrialcountry of a certain scale. Reform and development will inevitably cause some damage to theecological environment and China also can not avoid “pollute first, and then manage” way.
When it comes to treatment of the environment, people will firstly think of the atmosphere,water and other intuitive pollutants. However, most of us do not have an intuitive concept ofsoil pollution and so it does not draw enough attention. The problem of soil pollution is aserious problem affecting the development of the national economy and the people's healthylife. According to the first soil pollution investigation report issued by China, among the soilin the 6,3000,000 square kilometers of land being surveyed, 83.9% of the soil met thestandard, and more than one million square kilometers of land was polluted soil with the pointposition of farmland soil exceeding the standard by 19.4%. （Bulletin of National Survey onSoil Pollution） Those are only the preliminary survey results, and it could be predicted thatthe domestic soil pollution was even more serious. The lack of related legal guarantee systemis one of the fundamental reasons that are hindering the treatment of contaminated soils.
The paper focuses on the problem of soil pollution prevention and control legislation,gives some opinions on construction and improvement of the legal system of soil pollutionprevention, and provides reference for the smooth development of legislation.
In this paper, based on the work and conclusions related to the investigation of nationalconditions and soil environment, the serious soil pollution problems are expounded. Thecause of the increasingly serious soil pollution is basically the lack of legal protection for soilpollution prevention and control, so the formulation of a soil pollution prevention act isimperative. In this paper, the concept of soil pollution prevention laws and related theory areintroduced; then the soil pollution prevention legislation experience of developed countries,such as the USA and Japan is described focusing on the construction of the system offunctional division of soil and soil pollution prevention fund system. Then, based on thecurrent situation of the problems with the soil pollution prevention and control in China,opinions and suggestions on establishment and improvement of the legal system of soilpollution prevention and control are put forward. In the last part of the paper, the soilenvironmental standards, cleaner production in agriculture, the delineation of functional area,soil pollution remediation fund guarantee and soil pollution legal liability are expounded inthe two aspects of prevention and control of soil pollution.
Key Words: Soil pollution; Soil pollution control; Soil pollution prevention and controllegislation
目录
引言
一、我国土壤污染现状
（一）污染加剧防治乏力
（二）污染种类多样
二、我国土壤污染防治立法的现状及存在问题
（一）我国土壤污染防治立法的现状
（二）我国土壤污染防治立法存在的问题
1.立法缺乏系统性
2.缺乏土壤污染防治基本制度
3.法律责任缺失
4.管理体制怀健全
5.立法理念有缺陷
三.国外土壤污染防治立法及其经验借鉴
（一）国外土壤污染防治立法
1.日本土壤污染防治立法
2.美国土壤污染防治立法
（二）国外土壤污染防治立法经验借鉴
1.专门性立法和相关外围法相结合
2.利益主导模式
3.明确的法律责任主体制度
4.完善的区域规划体系
5.土壤污染治理的基金保障
6.公众参与环保机制
四、我国土壤污染防治立法的完善
（一）建立完善的土壤污染防治法律衔接体系
（二）土壤污染治理法律制度完善
1.完善土壤环境质量标准
2.土壤污染治理利益导向模式
3.土壤污染重点防治区制度
4.土壤污染管制制度
5.土壤修复及责任追宄制度
6.土壤污染治理资金保障制度
7.土壤污染公益诉讼制度
8.鼓励公众参与
（三）土壤污染预防法律制度完善
1.土壤污染状况调查制度
2.建立土壤污染监测预警制度
3.土壤环境影响评价制度
4.农业清洁生产制度
结论
参考文献
致谢
