¡¡¡¡Õª Òª£º¡¡Ò©º¦Ê¼þ·ºÖ¸Ò©ÎïÖÎÁƵ¼ÖµķçÏÕ»òʼþ£¬ÓÃÒ©²î´í¡¢Ò©Îï²»Á¼·´Ó¦ºÍÒ©Îï²»Á¼Ê¼þ¾ùÊôÓÚÒ©º¦Ê¼þµÄ·¶³ë¡£ÎÒ¹ú½üÄêÀ´·¢ÉúµÄÖØ´óÒ©º¦Ê¼þ£¬¶àÊýÓëÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâÓйأ¬Ôì³ÉÁËÑÏÖصĺó¹û£¬ÉõÖÁΪ´Ë¸¶³ö¾Þ´óµÄÉúÃü´ú¼Û¡£±¾ÎÄͨ¹ý»Ø¹Ë½üÄêÀ´ÎÒ¹úÖØ´óÒ©º¦Ê¼þ£¬×ÅÖØ·ÖÎöÔÚÒ©Æ·Éú²ú¼°¼à¹ÜµÈ»·½ÚµÄ©¶´ºÍÊèºö£¬ÆÚ´ýÒÔ´ËΪ½ä£¬±ÜÃâÀàËƵÄÒ©º¦Ê¼þ·¢Éú£¬Îª¹«ÖÚ½¡¿µ±£¼Ý»¤º½¡£
¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º¡¡Ò©º¦Ê¼þ; »Ø¹ËÐÔ·ÖÎö; Ò©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿; Ò©Æ·Éú²ú; Ò©Æ·¼à¹Ü;
¡¡¡¡Abstract£º¡¡Medication misadventure generally refer to the risks or events caused by drug treatment, and medication errors, adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. Most of the major medication misadventure in China in recent years are related to drug quality problems, which have caused serious consequences and even paid a huge cost of life for them. By reviewing the major medication misadventure in China in recent years, this paper focuses on the analysis of loopholes and omissions in drug production and supervision and other links, and looks forward to considering this as a warning to avoid the occurrence of similar medication misadventure and escort public health.
¡¡¡¡Keyword£º¡¡medication misadventure; retrospective analysis; drug quality; drug manufacture; pharmaceutical supervision;
¡¡¡¡½øÈë21ÊÀ¼Í£¬Ò½Ò©¼¼Êõ·ÉËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬¸÷ÀàÐÂÒ©²ã³ö²»ÇÖúÁ¦ÈËÀ๥¿Ë¼²²¡¡¢Î¬»¤½¡¿µ£¬µ«Í¬Ê±Ò©Æ·ÊÇ°ÑË«Èн££¬ÂÅÂÅ·¢ÉúµÄÒ©º¦Ê¼þ¸ø»¼Õß´øÀ´¾Þ´óµÄÍ´¿à£¬ÉõÖÁΣ¼°ÉúÃü¡£Ò©º¦Ê¼þÒѾ³ÉΪÕû¸öÒ½Ò©ÐÐÒµ²»¿ÉºöÊÓµÄÖØ´óÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡¸ù¾ÝÃÀ¹úÎÀÉúϵͳҩʦѧ»á£¨American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, ASHP£©µÄ½¨Ò飬ҩº¦Ê¼þÖ¸Ò©ÎïÖÎÁƵ¼ÖµķçÏÕ»òʼþ£¬°üÀ¨ÓÃÒ©²î´í¡¢Ò©Îï²»Á¼·´Ó¦ºÍÒ©Îï²»Á¼Ê¼þ[1,2]¡£ËäȻҩº¦Ê¼þµÄ¸ÅÄÇÊ®·Ö¹ã·º£¬µ«ÆäÖйãΪÈËÖªµÄÒ©º¦Ê¼þ¶àÊýÊÇÓÉÓÚÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâµ¼Öµģ¬ÇÒ³£³£ºó¹ûÑÏÖØ¡£±¾ÎĶÔÓÚ½üÄêÀ´ÎÒ¹úÓÉÓÚÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâÒýÆðµÄÖØ´óÒ©º¦Ê¼þ½øÐÐ×ܽáºÍ̽ÌÖ£¬Ìá¸ß·çÏÕ·À·¶£¬ÒÔÆÚ¼õÉÙÀàËÆʼþµÄ·¢Éú¡£
¡¡¡¡1 ¡¢½üÄêÀ´ÎÒ¹ú·¢ÉúµÄÖØ´óÒ©º¦Ê¼þ
¡¡¡¡1.1¡¢ ÔÁÏÒ©ÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâʼþ
¡¡¡¡2015Äê5Ô£¬¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö¶Ô¹ðÁÖÐË´ïÒ©ÒµÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾µÄ·ÉÐмì²é·¢ÏÖÆäÔÚÉú²úÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡ÎïµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÉÃ×Ô½«Ï¡ÒÒ´¼¸ÄΪ3%ÑÎËáÌáÈ¡£¬Î¥¹æ´Ó²»¾ß±¸×ÊÖʵÄÆóÒµ¹ºÈëÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡ÎïÇÒΪ3%ÑÎËáÌáÈ¡£¬²¢½«·Ç·¨ÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡ÎïÏúÊÛÖÁ24¼ÒÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ[3]¡£¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö¶ÔÏà¹ØÆóÒµÔðÁîÍ£Ö¹Éú²úºÍÏúÊÛ£¬Ö÷¶¯ÕÙ»ØÏà¹Ø²úÆ·£¬²¢ÔÚÈ«¹ú·¶Î§ÄÚ¿ªÕ¹ÁËÕë¶ÔÒøÐÓÒ¶Ò©Æ·µÄרÏîÖÎÀí¡£ÔÚÒ©Æ·¼ìÑéͨ¸æÖУ¬90¼ÒÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡Îï¡¢ÒøÐÓҶƬºÍÒøÐÓÒ¶½ºÄÒÉú²úÆóÒµÖУ¬45%µÄÅú´Î²»ºÏ¸ñ£¬55¼ÒÆóÒµ³öÏÖ²»ºÏ¸ñ²úÆ·£¬´æÔÚαÔì¼ìÑé¼Ç¼¡¢µ÷»»ÑùÆ·µÈÎ¥·¨ÐÐΪ£»ÔÚ¶à´Î¼ì²é¹ý³ÌÖУ¬27¼ÒÆóÒµÉæ¼°·Ç·¨Ìí¼Ó»±Ã×ÌáÈ¡Îï¡¢»±½ÇÌáÈ¡ÎïµÈÎïÖÊ»òʹÓ÷Ƿ¨Ìí¼ÓµÄÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡ÎïÓÃÓÚÒ©Æ·Éú²ú[4]¡£
¡¡¡¡2018Äê7Ô£¬¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö½Óµ½¾Ù±¨£¬¶Ô³¤´º³¤ÉúÉúÎï¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞÔðÈι«Ë¾½øÐзÉÐмì²é£¬·¢ÏÖÆä±àÔìÉú²ú¼Ç¼ºÍ²úÆ·¼ìÑé¼Ç¼£¬²¢ËæÒâ±ä¸ü¹¤ÒÕ²ÎÊýºÍÉ豸£¬Ëæºó·¢²¼Á˶ԸÃÆóҵΥ·¨Î¥¹æÉú²ú¶³¸ÉÈËÓÿñÈ®²¡ÒßÃçµÄ֪ͨ[5]£¬²¢ÔðÁîÍ£²ú¡¢Á¢°¸µ÷²é¡£ÔÚµ÷²éÖз¢ÏÖ£¬³¤´º³¤Éú¹«Ë¾´Ó2014Äê4ÔÂÆð£¬ÔÚÉú²ú¿ñÈ®²¡ÒßÃç¹ý³ÌÖдæÔÚÏò²¿·ÖÅú´Î»ìÈë¹ýÆÚÔÒº¡¢²»ÈçʵÌîдÈÕÆÚºÍÅúºÅµÈÑÏÖØÎ¥¹æÐÐΪ[6]£¬ÇÒ¸ÃÆóÒµÒÔ¸÷ÖÖÎ¥·¨Ôì¼ÙÊֶιæ±Ü¼à¶½¼ì²é¡£×îÖÕ£¬Ò©Æ·¼à¹Ü²¿ÃŶԸÃÆóÒµ×ö³öÁË91ÒÚÔªµÄ¶¥¸ñ´¦·£¡¢µõÏú¡¶Ò©Æ·Éú²úÐí¿ÉÖ¤¡·²¢¶ÔÉæ°¸µÄ¶àÃûÖ±½ÓÔðÈÎÈË×·¾¿ÐÌÊÂÔðÈΡ£È»¶ø£¬¾ÍÔÚ2017Äê11Ô£¬³¤´º³¤ÉúÔøÓÐ25ÍòÓà֧Ч¼Û²»´ï±êµÄ°Ù°×ÆÆÒßÃçÁ÷ÈëÊг¡¶øÒýÆðÐùÈ»´ó²¨¡£
¡¡¡¡1.2¡¢ Ò©Óø¨ÁÏÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâʼþ
¡¡¡¡2006Äê4ÔÂ30ÈÕ£¬¹ãÖÝÖÐɽÈýÔº´«È¾²¡¿Æ¶àÃû»¼Õß³öÏÖÁ˼±ÐÔÉöË¥½ß£¬ÇÒ¶¼ÔÚ¼¸ÌìǰʹÓùýÆëÆë¹þ¶ûµÚ¶þÖÆÒ©ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¨ÒÔϼò³Æ“Æë¶þÒ©”£©Éú²úµÄÁÁ¾ú¼×ËØ×¢ÉäÒº¡£¾Éϱ¨¹ã¶«Ê¡Ò©Æ·²»Á¼·´Ó¦¼ì²âÖÐÐĺó·¢ÏÖ£¬ÆäÖк¬ÓдóÁ¿µÄ¹¤ÒµÓöþ¸Ê´¼´úÌæÒ©Óø¨Áϱû¶þ´¼¡£5ÔÂ9ÈÕ£¬¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö·¢Ìؼ±Í¨Öª£¬ÒªÇóÈ«¹ú·¶Î§ÄÚÍ£Ö¹ÏúÊÛºÍʹÓÃÆë¶þÒ©Éú²úµÄÁÁ¾ú¼×ËØ×¢ÉäÒº[7]¡£µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ¶þ¸Ê´¼ÎªÆë¶þÒ©²É¹ºÔ±Î¥¹æ¹ºÈ룬¼ìÑéÊÒÖ÷Èδ۸ļìÑéÑùÆ·½á¹ûÖÂʹ¶þ¸Ê´¼¼Ùð±û¶þ´¼Í¶ÈëÒ©Æ·Éú²ú£¬×îÖÕµ¼ÖÂÁ˶àÈËÉöË𺦺Í13ÈËËÀÍö¡£19ÊÀ¼Í30Äê´ú£¬ÃÀ¹úÔø³öÏÖ¶þ¸Ê´¼¼ÙðҩÓø¨Áϵ¼Ö´óÅú»¼ÕßËÀÍöµÄʼþ[8] £¬¼¸Ê®ÄêºóÓÖÔÚÎÒ¹úÖØÏÖ£¬¶ÔÎÒ¹úÒ©Óø¨Áϵļì²â¡¢¹ÜÀí²úÉúÁËÖØÒªµÄ¾¯Ê¾×÷Óá£
¡¡¡¡2012Äê4Ô£¬Ã½ÌåÆعâһЩºÓ±±ÆóÒµ½«Æ¤¸ï·ÏÁÏ´¦ÀíºóÖƳɹ¤ÒµÃ÷½º£¬×ªÂô¸øÕã½Ð²ýÆóÒµÖƳÉÒ©ÓýºÄÒ£¬Æ¤¸ï¼Ó¹¤¹ý³ÌÖÐʹÓú¬¸õÖƼÁ£¬ÖؽðÊô¸õº¬Á¿³¬±êµÄ“¶¾½ºÄÒ”½øÈëÒ©³§²¢Á÷ÈëÊг¡£¬Ã½Ì屨µÀÉæ¼°9¼ÒÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ¡£Ëæºó£¬¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö¶à´Î·¢³öÏà¹Ø֪ͨ·â´æ¡¢Õٻء¢Ïú»Ù¸õ³¬±ê½ºÄÒ¼ÁÒ©Æ·£¬Åɳö¹¤×÷×éÔÚ16Ê¡Ö¸»Óϼܡ¢·â´æ¡¢ÕٻغÍÏú»Ù¹¤×÷[9]¡£ÕâһʼþÔì³ÉÁËÃñÖÚ¼«´óµÄ²»ÂúÇéÐ÷£¬Òý·¢Á˹«ÖÚ¶ÔÓÚÒ©Æó¡¢ÉõÖÁÊÇÒ½Ò©ÐÐÒµµÄÐÅÈÎΣ»ú£¬Ò©Æ·¼à¹Ü²¿ÃÅ¡¢Öʼ첿ÃÅÒ²¶ÔÓÚ¹¤ÒµÃ÷½º·Ç·¨ÓÃÓÚÒ©Æ·ºÍʳƷ¼Ó¹¤½øÐÐÁËÑÏÀ÷´ò»÷¡£
¡¡¡¡1.3 ¡¢Î¥·¨Ìí¼ÓÒ©Æ·³É·ÖµÄÏà¹Øʼþ
¡¡¡¡2001Äê8Ô£¬ºþÄÏÖêÖÞ¶àÈËÒò·þÓÃÁ˱»Ã½Ìå¿ä´óÐû´«µÄ“÷»¨K”»Æ°Ø½ºÄÒ£¬·¢ÉúÖж¾×¡Ôº¡£µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬“÷»¨K”»Æ°Ø½ºÄÒÖвô¼ÓÁË·¨¶¨±ê×¼ÍâµÄËÄ»·ËØ£¬ÇÒ¾¼ø¶¨¸ÃËÄ»·ËؾùΪ¹ýÆÚÒ©Æ·£¬ÆäÖк¬ÓÐËÄ»·Ëؽµ½â²úÎîÏòÍÑË®ËÄ»·ËØ”£¬º¬Á¿Ô¶³¬¹ý¹ú¼Ò±ê×¼£¬¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÉöС¹ÜÐÔËáÖж¾¡£“÷»¨K”ʼþÉæ¼°ÎÒ¹ú17¸öÊ¡ÊУ¬½öºþÄÏÖêÖÞ¾ÍÓÐ167ÈËÖж¾¡£×îÖÕ£¬Éú²ú³§¼Ò¹ãÎ÷°ëÖæÖÆÒ©¼¯ÍŵÚÈýÖÆÒ©³§µÄ¶àÃûÏà¹ØÔðÈËÒòÉú²ú¡¢ÏúÊÛ¼ÙÒ©×ïÅÐÐ̲¢´¦·£½ð[10]£¬ÏúÊÛ´úÀíÒòÎ¥·´¡¶Ò©Æ·°ü×°¡¢±êÇ©ºÍ˵Ã÷Êé¹ÜÀí¹æ¶¨¡·±»ÅÐÐÌ¡£“÷»¨K”ʼþÎÞÒÉΪµ±Ê±µÄÒ©Æ·¼à¹Ü¹¤×÷ÇÃÏìÁ˾¯ÖÓ£¬±©Â¶ÁËÔÚҩƷ˵Ã÷ÊéÉóºË¡¢Ò©Æ·¼ìÑé±ê×¼¡¢Ò©Æ·³é¼ìģʽµÈ¶à·½Ãæ´æÔÚµÄÊè©¡£
¡¡¡¡ÀàËƵÄÎ¥·¨Ìí¼ÓÒ©Æ·³É·ÝµÄʼþÂżû²»ÏÊ¡£2009Ä꣬¹ãÎ÷ƽÄÏÖÆÒ©³§Éú²úµÄÌÇÖ¬Äþ½ºÄÒ£¬ÒòÎ¥·¨Ìí¼Ó¸ñÁб¾ë壬µ¼ÖÂ2Ãû»¼ÕßËÀÍö¡£±±¾©¼Î»ªÔ£Ì©ÉúÎï¿Æ¼¼ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄ“¹Ï¹Ï½ºÖ²Î︴ºÏ½ºÄÒ”£¨ÓÖÃû“ÈýÏûÎÈÌÇ”£©±»Æعâ·ÇÒ©Æ·Ò²·Ç±£½¡Æ·£¬Î¥·¨Ìí¼Ó±½ÒÒË«ëҺ͸ñÁÐÆëÌØ£¬²¢µ¼ÖÂ2Ãû»¼ÕßËÀÍö¡£Í¬Ä꣬ÁÉÄþ´óÁ¬½ð¸Û°²µÏÉúÎïÖÆÆ·ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄ²¿·ÖÈËÓÿñÈ®²¡ÒßÃçÎ¥·¨Ìí¼Ó“ºËËáÎïÖÊ”£¬¼´¾Û¼¡°û×¢ÉäÒº£¬Éæ¼°36ÍòÈË·Ý¡£
¡¡¡¡1.4 ¡¢Éú²ú²Ù×÷¼°Ò©Æ·Öü´æÎÊÌâʼþ
¡¡¡¡2006Äê7Ô£¬ÇຣÎ÷Äþ»¼ÕßʹÓð²»Õ»ªÔ´ÉúÎïÒ©ÒµÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄÐÀ¸¥×¢ÉäÒº£¨¿ËÁÖùËØÁ×Ëáõ¥ÆÏÌÑÌÇ×¢ÉäÒº£©ºó³öÏÖÁËÐØÃÆ¡¢Ðļ¡¢º®Õ½¡¢ÉöÇøÌÛÍ´¡¢¶ñÐÄŻ͡¢¹ýÃôÐÔÐݿ˵ÈÖ¢×´£¬Çຣʡʳҩ¼à¾ÖÍ£Ö¹Á˸ÃÒ©¸ÃÅú´ÎÔÚÈ«Ê¡·¶Î§ÄÚµÄÏúÊÛºÍʹÓã¬Ëæºó¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾ÖÒ²·¢²¼Á˶ÔÐÀ¸¥×¢ÉäÒº½øÐпØÖƵĽô¼±Í¨Öª[11]¡£µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬Éú²ú¹ý³ÌÖУ¬³§¼Òδ°´±ê×¼µÄÃð¾ú²ÎÊý½øÐÐÃð¾ú£¬½µµÍÁËÃð¾úζȣ¬Ëõ¶ÌÁËÃð¾úʱ¼ä£¬Í¬Ê±Ôö¼ÓÁËÃð¾ú¹ñ×°ÔØÁ¿£¬µ¼ÖÂÎÞ¾ú¼ì²éºÍÈÈÔ¼ì²é¾ù²»·ûºÏ¹ú¼Ò¹æ¶¨£¬×îÖÕ²¨¼°È«¹ú·¶Î§ÄÚ93Àý»¼Õߣ¬µ¼ÖÂ11Àý»¼ÕßËÀÍö¡£
¡¡¡¡2007Äê7Ô£¬Í¬Ò»Ò½ÔºÄÚÏȺóÓÐ11Àý°×Ѫ²¡»¼¶ùÒòÇÊÄÚ×¢ÉäÉϺ£»ªÁªÖÆÒ©³§Éú²úµÄ×¢ÉäÓüװ±µûßʺó³öÏÖÏÂ̱֫»¾¡¢ÏÂÖ«¼¡Èâ½øÐÐÐÔήËõµÈ±íÏÖ¡£¾ÉϺ£Ê³Ò©¼à¾Öµ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬ÉϺ£»ªÁªÖÆÒ©³§ÔÚÉú²ú¹ý³ÌÖУ¬½«Í¬Ò»Éú²úÏßµÄÁòË᳤´ºÐ¼îβҺΥ¹æ»ìÈë×¢ÉäÓüװ±µûßʺÍÑÎËá°¢ÌÇ°ûÜÕ×¢ÉäÒºÖУ¬µ¼Ö¶à¸öÅú´ÎÒ©Æ·±»ÎÛȾ£¬Ê¹µÃ½ûÓÃÓÚÇÊÄÚ×¢ÉäµÄ³¤´ºÐ¼ÖÂÁË»¼¶ù¼¹ËèÉñ¾¸ùË𺦡£¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾ÖºÍÎÀÉú²¿·¢²¼ÁªºÏ֪ͨ£¬ÔÝÍ£¸Ã³§Á½¸öÅúºÅµÄ¼×°±µûßʽûÓÃÓÚÇÊÄÚ×¢É䣬ÈÔÈ»µ¼ÖÂÁË278Àý»¼ÕßÊܵ½²»Í¬³Ì¶ÈµÄ¼¹ËèÉñ¾¸ùË𺦡£
¡¡¡¡2008Äê10ÔÂ5ÈÕ£¬ÔÆÄÏÊ¡ºìºÓÖݵÚËÄÈËÃñÒ½Ôº6Ãû»¼ÕßʹÓúÚÁú½Ê¡Íê´ïɽÖÆÒ©³§Éú²úµÄÁ½¸öÅú´ÎµÄ´ÌÎå¼Ó×¢ÉäÒººó£¬³öÏÖ¶ñÐÄ¡¢ÐØÃÆ¡¢»èÃÔ¡¢ÑªÑ¹½µµÍµÈÖ¢×´£¬3Ãû»¼ÕßËÀÍö¡£Í¬Äê7Ô£¬À¥Ã÷ÌØ´ó±©Óêµ¼Ö´ÌÎå¼Ó×¢ÉäÒº±»ÓêË®½þÅÝ£¬Íê´ïɽÖÆÒ©³§µÄÏúÊÛÈËÔ±¸ü»»±êÇ©ºó¼ÌÐøÏúÊÛ¸ÃÅú´ÎÒ©Æ·£¬±»Ï¸¾úÎÛȾµÄÒ©Æ·×¢Éä½øÈ뻼ÕßÌåÄÚ£¬µ¼ÖÂÕâÒ»ÑÏÖØÒ©º¦Ê¼þµÄ·¢Éú¡£¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à¾Ö·¢³öÔÝÍ£ÏúÊ۸ó§ËùÓÐ×¢Éä¼Á²úÆ·µÄ֪ͨ£¬²¢ÔðÁîÈ«ÃæÍ£²ú£¬µõÏúÏà¹Ø×ÊÖÊÖ¤Ê飬¹«°²²¿ÃŶÔÉæÊÂÏúÊÛÈËÔ±Ð̾У¬Í¬Ê±ºÚÁú½Ê¡Íê´ïɽÖÆÒ©³§Ò²Ö÷¶¯ÕÙ»ØËùÓÐ×¢Éä¼Á²úÆ·¡£
¡¡¡¡2009Ä꣬ºÚÁú½Õ䱦µºÖÆÒ©ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄÊæѪÄþ×¢ÉäÒººÍÎ÷°²¼Î»ÝÒ©ÒµÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄÉö¿µ×¢ÉäÒº£¬·Ö±ðÓÐÒ»¸öÅú´ÎµÄÒ©Æ·ÓÐÀàËƵÄÈÈÔ¼ì²é²»ºÏ¸ñ£¬µ¼Ö¶àÈ˳öÏÖ²»Í¬³Ì¶ÈµÄÈÈÔ·´Ó¦¡£
¡¡¡¡1.5¡¢ ѪҺÖÆÆ·²¡¶¾°²È«ÐÔÎÊÌâʼþ
¡¡¡¡2007Äê1Ô£¬±±¾©³¯ÑôÒ½Ôº·¢ÏÖ70Ãû»¼ÕßʹÓù㶫°ÛÒ×Ò©ÒµÉú²úµÄÃâÒßÇòµ°°×ºó£¬±û¸Î¿¹ÌåÓÉÒõÐÔתΪÑôÐÔ£¬ËìÉϱ¨ÕâÒ»Çé¿öÖÁ±±¾©ÊÐʳҩ¼à¾Ö[12]¡£Ô±±¾©ÊÐÎÀÉú¾Ö½ô¼±Í¨ÖªÈ«ÃæÍ£Ö¹ÔÚ±±¾©ÊÐʹÓôËÒ©Æ·£¬¹ú¼Òʳҩ¼à×ַܾ¢³öÒòÑÏÖØÎ¥¹æ²Ù×÷ÊÕ»ØÆóÒµÒ©Æ·GMPÖ¤ÊéµÄ֪ͨ£¬²¢È«ÃæÔÝÍ£ÏúÊÛºÍʹÓù㶫°ÛÒ×Ò©ÒµÉú²úµÄ¾²×¢ÈËÃâÒßÇòµ°°×¡£¸ÃÆóÒµ´æÔڲɽ¬Õ¾¿çµØÓòÎ¥¹æ²ÉѪ¡¢Î´ÑϸñÖ´Ðв¡¶¾¼ì²â¡¢Ã°Ãû¶¥ÌæÏ×ѪµÈ¶àÏîÎ¥¹æ²Ù×÷¡£´Ëʱ¾àÀë¸ÃÆóÒµÑÏÖØÎ¥¹æ²Ù×÷ºó»ñµÃGMPÔÙÈÏÖ¤Ö¤Êé²»µ½2¸öÔ¡£
¡¡¡¡2019Äê2Ô£¬½Î÷Ê¡¼²¿ØÖÐÐÄ·¢ÏÖÉϺ£ÐÂÐËÒ½Ò©¹É·ÝÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄÒ»¸öÅú´Î¾²×¢ÈËÃâÒßÇòµ°°×°¬×̲¡¶¾¿¹ÌåÑôÐÔ£¬²¢Á¢¼´Í£ÓøÃÅúºÅ²úÆ·¡£¹ú¼ÒÒ©¼à¾Ö½Óµ½¹ú¼ÒÎÀÉú½¡¿µÎ¯Í¨±¨£¬ÒªÇóÁ¢¼´Í£ÓÃÏà¹Ø²úÆ·£¬²¢¶ÔͬÅúÔÁÏѪ½¬Éú²úµÄ²úÆ·ºÍÏàÁÚÅú´Î²úÆ·½øÐмìÑé¡£ÉϺ£Ò©¼à¾Ö¶ÔÉæÊÂÅú´ÎµÄ¾²×¢ÈËÃâÒßÇòµ°°×½øÐеݬ×̲¡¡¢ÒҸκͱû¸Î²¡¶¾ºËËá¼ì²â³ÊÒõÐÔ£¬½Î÷·½Ãæ¶Ô»¼Õß½øÐа¬×̲¡²¡¶¾ºËËá¼ì²âҲΪÒõÐÔ[13]¡£Ä¿Ç°£¬Ê¼þÔÒòÉÐÎÞ¹Ù·½±¨µÀ£¬ÈÔ´ý¹Ø×¢¡£
¡¡¡¡2¡¢ ¶ÔÒ©º¦Ê¼þÖеÄÎÊÌâºÍ·´Ë¼
¡¡¡¡2.1 ¡¢Ò©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿ÎÊÌâ
¡¡¡¡Ò©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹æ·¶£¨Good manufacture practice of medical products, GMP£©ÊÇÒ©Æ·Éú²ú¹ÜÀíºÍÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖƵĻù±¾ÒªÇó£¬È·±£³ÖÐøÎȶ¨µØÉú²ú³ö·ûºÏÔ¤¶¨ÓÃ;ºÍ×¢²áÒªÇóµÄÒ©Æ·[14]¡£È»¶ø£¬²¿·ÖÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ¶ÔÆä×÷ΪҩƷÖÊÁ¿µÚÒ»ÔðÈÎÈ˵ÄÒâʶµ±¡£¬¶ÔGMPµÄÈÏÖª½öÏÞÓÚͨ¹ýÈÏÖ¤¡¢È¡µÃ¡¶Ò©Æ·GMPÖ¤Êé¡·£¬¶ÔGMPÖÐÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀíÄ¿±ê¡¢ÖÊÁ¿±£Ö¤¡¢ÖÊÁ¿¿ØÖÆ¡¢ÖÊÁ¿·çÏÕ¹ÜÀíµÈÈÏʶƬÃæ[15]¡£ÉÏÊöÒ©º¦Ê¼þÔÚ²»Í¬µÄÒ©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí»·½Ú´æÔÚÖî¶àÑÏÖØÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ²É¹ººÍʹÓÃÕýÈ·µÄÔ¸¨Áϼ°°ü×°²ÄÁÏÊDZ£Ö¤Ò©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿»ù±¾ÒªÇó£¬ÔÚÉú²úÈ«¹ý³ÌÖоùÓ¦ÓмǼ£¬Ã¿Ò»Åú´ÎµÄ²úÆ·Ó¦ÄÜ×·ËÝÍêÕûÀúÊ·¡£Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ»¹Ó¦¶ÔÔ¸¨ÁÏ¡¢°ü×°²ÄÁÏ¡¢Öмä²úÆ·¡¢´ý°ü×°³ÉÆ·ºÍ³ÉÆ·È¡Ñù¡¢¼ì²é¡¢¼ìÑ飬²¢ÓÐÏà¹Ø¼Ç¼£¬¶ÔÎïÁϺͳÉÆ·Ó¦ÁôÑùÒÔ±¸¼ì²é»ò¼ìÑé¡£GMP»¹¶Ô°üÀ¨ÆóÒµ¸ºÔðÈË¡¢Éú²ú¹ÜÀí¸ºÔðÈË¡¢ÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¸ºÔðÈ˵ÈÔÚÄڵĻú¹¹¹Ø¼üÈËÔ±ÓÐ×ÊÖʺÍÖ°ÔðÒªÇ󡣓÷»¨K”¡¢“Æë¶þÒ©”¡¢“¶¾½ºÄÒ”¡¢ÒøÐÓҶʼþ¡¢³¤´º³¤ÉúÒßÃçʼþµÈ´æÔÚ¹¤ÒµÔÁÏ´úÌæÒ©Óø¨ÁÏ¡¢ÔÁÏÒ©²»ºÏ¸ñ¡¢·Ç·¨Ìí¼Ó¡¢±àÔìÉú²ú¼Ç¼µÈÎÊÌ⣬Υ±³ÁËGMPµÄÏà¹ØÒªÇó£¬Ê¹µÃ¼ÙÒ©¡¢ÁÓÒ©ÑÏÖØΣº¦»¼ÕßÉúÃü¡£¶øÔړ÷»¨K”ʼþÖУ¬ÆóÒµ¸ºÔðÈ˲ÎÓë²ß»®ÖÆ×÷¼ÙÒ©£¬²¢Î¥·¨Éú²ú£»“Æë¶þÒ©”ʼþÖмìÑéÊÒÖ÷ÈÎȱ·¦Ïà¹Ø×ÊÖÊ£¬´Û¸ÄÒ©Æ·µÄ¼ìÑé½á¹û£¬×îÖÕÖÂʹ¼ÙÒ©Á÷ÈëÊг¡¡£´ËÍ⣬GMPÖÐËäÈ»¶ÔÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµÓж෽ÃæµÄ×Ô¼ìÒªÇ󣬵«Ä¿Ç°¶àÊýÆóÒµµÄ×ÔÉíÌõ¼þÏÞÖÆ£¬²»¾ß±¸½øÐÐÏà¹Ø¼ì²â¼ìÑéµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬ÇÒ²¿·ÖÆóҵȱ·¦×ÔÂÉ¡¢Ó¦¸¶¼ì²é¡¢·óÑܶԴý£¬ÄÑÒÔ±£Ö¤Ò©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿°²È«[16]¡£
¡¡¡¡GMP¶ÔÒ©Æ·Éú²úÉ豸µÄÇå½àÓÐÏêϸ¹æ¶¨£¬°üÀ¨Çå½à·½·¨¡¢Çå½à¼ÁµÄÃû³ÆºÍÅäÖÆ¡¢È¥³ýÇ°Ò»Åú´ÎµÄ±êʶ·½·¨¡¢±£»¤Çå½àÉ豸ÃâÊÜÎÛȾµÈ£¬ÒÔ´ïµ½±ÜÃâÎÛȾ¡¢½»²æÎÛȾ¡¢»ìÏýºÍ²î´íµÄ·çÏÕ¡£“¼×°±µûßʔʼþÖг¤´ºÐ¼îÇÊÄÚ×¢Éäµ¼Ö°×Ѫ²¡»¼¶ù̱»¾£¬ÆäÔÒò¾ÍÊÇͬһÉú²úÏßÉÏÇ°Ò»Åú´ÎÉú²úµÄ³¤´ºÐ¼îβҺ»ìÈ룬ÔÚͶÈëÉú²úǰδÄܸù¾Ý¹æ¶¨¶ÔÉú²úÉ豸½øÐÐÇå½àµ¼ÖÂÁËÕâÒ»±¯¾çµÄ·¢Éú¡£GMPÒªÇóÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµÖƶ¨Éú²ú¹¤ÒÕ£¬²ÉÓþÅú×¼µÄ¹¤ÒÕ¹æ³ÌºÍ²Ù×÷¹æ³Ì£¬½øÐÐÖØ´ó±ä¸üÐèҪͨ¹ýÑéÖ¤¡£Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóҵδ²ÉÓñê×¼Ãð¾ú²ÎÊý£¬Î´´ïµ½Ó¦ÓеÄÃð¾úЧ¹û£¬Ê¹Ò©Æ·ÔÚδͨ¹ýÎÞ¾ú¼ì²éºÍÈÈÔ¼ì²éµÄÇé¿öÏÂÓ¦ÓÃÓÚ»¼Õߣ¬µ¼ÖÂÁ˲ÒÖصēÐÀ¸¥”ʼþ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÑªÒºÖÆÆ·×÷ΪһÖÖÌØÊâµÄÒ©Æ·£¬ÎÒ¹úÒ©Æ·¼à¹Ü²¿ÃÅ·¢²¼ÁË¡¶ÑªÒºÖÆÆ·¹ÜÀíÌõÀý¡·¶Ôµ¥²ÉѪ½¬Õ¾µÄÉ豸ºÍÆ÷²Ä¡¢ÈËÔ±¡¢¼¼Êõµµ°¸µÈÓÐÏêϸµÄÒªÇó£¬Ï×½¬Ô±µÄåàÑ¡Ðë·ûºÏ¡¶µ¥²ÉѪ½¬¹©Ñª½¬Õß½¡¿µ¼ì²é±ê×¼¡·¡£¡¶ÑªÒºÖÆÆ·È¥³ý/Ãð»î²¡¶¾¼ÆÊý·½·¨¼°ÑéÖ¤Ö¸µ¼ÔÔò¡·¡¢¡¶ÉúÎïÖÆÆ·ÅúÇ©·¢¹ÜÀí°ì·¨¡·¡¢¡¶ÉúÎï×éÖ¯ÌáÈ¡ÖÆÆ·ºÍÕæºËϸ°û±í´ïÖÆÆ·µÄ²¡¶¾°²È«ÐÔÆÀ¼Û¼¼ÊõÉóÆÀÒ»°ãÔÔò¡·¡¢¡¶°¬×̲¡·ÀÖÎÌõÀý¡·¡¢¡¶ÖйúÒ©µä¡·µÈһϵÁÐÎļþ£¬¶ÔÔÁÏѪ½¬¡¢ÑªÒºÖÆÆ·³ÉÆ·µÄ²¡ÔÌå¼ì²â¡¢¼ìÒßÆڵĹÜÀíºÍ²¡¶¾Ãð»î/È¥³ý¹¤ÒÕÓÐ×ÅÃ÷È·ÏêϸµÄÒªÇó[17,18]¡£»Ø¹Ë“°ÛÒהʼþ¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ£¬¸ÃÆóÒµÔÚÏ×½¬¡¢²¡ÔÌå¼ì²âµÈ¾ùÓÐÑÏÖصÄÎ¥¹æ²Ù×÷¡£°ÛÒ×Ò©ÒµµÄ²É½¬Õ¾´æÔÚÏ×½¬Ô±Ã°Ãû¶¥Ìæ¡¢¿çÇøÓò²ÉѪ¡¢Æµ²ÉµÈÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÔÁÏѪ½¬µÄÔ´Í·³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬ÇÒÔÚºóÐøµÄÉú²úÇ°¸´¼ì¡¢Éú²úÖв¡¶¾Ãð»î/È¥³ý¡¢³ÉÆ·¼ìÑéµÈ¶à»·½Ú²¡¶¾°²È«ÐÔ¼ì²é£¬¾ùδÄÜ·¢ÏÖ²¡¶¾°²È«ÎÊÌ⣻·´Ö®£¬°ÛÒ×Ò©ÒµÓò¿·ÖÉú²úºÍ¼ìÑé¼Ç¼²»ÍêÕûµÄÒ©Æ·Ì×ÓÃÕý³£Éú²úÅúºÅÉÏÊÐÏúÊÛ¡£½üÆÚ³öÏÖµÄÉϺ£ÐÂÐËÒ½Ò©¾²×¢ÈËÃâÒßÇòµ°°×°¬×̲¡¶¾¿¹ÌåÑôÐÔµÄʼþ£¬ËäȻҩƷ¼à¹Ü²¿ÃÅÉÐδ¶ÔʼþÔÒò×÷³öÕýʽ±¨¸æ£¬µ«ÕâһʼþµÄ±³ºóÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚÀàËƵÄÎ¥·¨Î¥¹æÐÐΪ£¬ÐëÈÏÕæ³¹²éÉú²ú¹ý³ÌµÄÿһ»·½Ú¡£
¡¡¡¡2.2¡¢ Ò©Æ·¼à¹ÜÎÊÌâ
¡¡¡¡Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµÓ¦¶ÔÆäÉú²úµÄÒ©Æ·°ÑסµÚÒ»µÀÖÊÁ¿¹Ø£¬È»¶øÎÒ¹úµÄÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóҵˮƽ²Î²î²»Æ롣Ŀǰ£¬Ò©Æ·¼à¹Ü²¿ÃŶÔÓÚÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿ÒÔ³é¼ì¡¢·ÉÐмì²éΪÖ÷£¬ÄÑÒÔ¶Ôÿһ¼ÒÉú²úÆóÒµµÄÒ©Æ·Éú²ú½øÐÐÈ«³Ì¡¢È«Ê±¼à¹Ü£¬¸øÁËÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ×ê¿Õ×Ó¡¢Ó¦¸¶¼ì²éÖ®»ú¡£Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ¿Éͨ¹ýÌṩºÏ¸ñÒ©Æ·×÷ΪÑùÆ·ÒÔ»ñµÃ¼ìÑéºÏ¸ñ£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÏúÊÛÁÓÖʲúÆ·£¬ÄÑÒÔ×öµ½ÓÐЧ¡¢È«Ãæ¡¢ÓÐÁ¦µÄ¼à¹Ü[13]¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÏÖÐеÄ2015ÄêÐÞ¶©µÄ¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÒ©Æ·¹ÜÀí·¨¡·ÖУ¬¶ÔÓÚÒ©Óø¨ÁϽöÌá³ö“Éú²úÒ©Æ·ËùÐèµÄÔÁÏ¡¢¸¨ÁÏ£¬±ØÐë·ûºÏÒ©ÓÃÒªÇ󔣬µ«²¢Î´¶Ô“Ò©ÓÃÒªÇó”Ã÷È·¶¨Òå¡£2015Äê¸üеġ¶ÖйúÒ©µä¡·½Ï´ó·ù¶ÈÔö¼ÓÁËÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÆ·ÖÖµÄÊÕÔØ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼ÈÔδÐγÉÍêÉÆÌåϵ£¬¸÷Éú²úÆóÒµÖ´ÐеÄÖÊÁ¿±ê׼ʮ·Ö·±ÔÓ¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬ÎÒ¹úĿǰʹÓõÄÒ©Óø¨Áϳ¬¹ý500ÖÖ£¬Ö´ÐÐÖйúÒ©µä¡¢²¿°ä±ê×¼¡¢µØ·½±ê×¼¡¢¹úÍâ±ê×¼µÈ²»Í¬±ê×¼£¬²¿·ÖÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÖ´Ðл¯Ñ§±ê×¼ºÍʳÓñê×¼[19]¡£2006ÄêËäÈ»°ä·¢ÁË¡¶Ò©Óø¨ÁÏÉú²úÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹æ·¶¡·£¬µ«²¢Î´²ÉÈ¡Ç¿ÖÆÖ´ÐдëÊ©¡£´ËÍ⣬ҩÓø¨ÁÏÉú²úÆóÒµµÄ×ÊÖʲβÆ룬Éú²úÐí¿ÉÖ¤ºÍÆ·ÖÖ×¢²áÎĺŲ»ÆëÈ«£¬ÉõÖÁ´æÔÚʳƷ¡¢»¯¹¤ÆóÒµÉú²úÒ©Óø¨ÁϵÄÏÖÏó[20]¡£¶øÎÒ¹úÏÖÐз¨ÂɶÔÓÚ¹¤ÒµÔÁÏ´úÌæÒ©Óø¨ÁϵÄÐÌ·£½ÏÇᣬ¶ÔÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÉú²úÆóÒµºÍÒ©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµµÄÕðÉåÁ¦ºÜÈõ[15]¡£ÉÐÎÞͳһµÄÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÖÊÁ¿±ê×¼Ìåϵ¿ÉÒÀºÍÓãÁú»ìÔÓµÄÒ©Óø¨ÁÏÉú²úÐÐÒµ£¬³¤ÆÚ´¦ÔÚÒ©Æ·¼à¹ÜµÄ¿Õ°×µØ´ø£¬×Ô“Æë¶þÒ©”ʼþºÍ“¶¾½ºÄҔʼþ·¢Éúºó£¬Ò©Óø¨ÁϵݲȫÒýÆðÁËÔ½À´Ô½¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢¡£2019Äê8ÔÂ26ÈÕ£¬µÚÊ®Èý½ìÈ«¹úÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»á³£ÎñίԱ»áµÚÊ®¶þ´Î»áÒé¶Ô¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÒ©Æ·¹ÜÀí·¨¡·½øÐÐÁ˶þ´ÎÐÞ¶©£¬µÚ¶þÊ®ÎåÌõÖÐÌرðÌá³ö“¹úÎñÔºÒ©Æ·¼à¶½¹ÜÀí²¿ÃÅÔÚÉóÅúҩƷʱ£¬¶Ô»¯Ñ§ÔÁÏÒ©Ò»²¢ÉóÆÀÉóÅú£¬¶ÔÏà¹Ø¸¨ÁÏ¡¢Ö±½Ó½Ó´¥Ò©Æ·µÄ°ü×°²ÄÁϺÍÈÝÆ÷Ò»²¢ÆÀÉó”[21]£¬ÆÚ´ýеġ¶Ò©Æ·¹ÜÀí·¨¡·ÊµÊ©ºó£¬Ò©Óø¨ÁϵÄÖÊÁ¿µÃµ½¸üΪÑϸñµÄ¼à¹Ü£¬Ìá¸ßÒ©Óø¨ÁϵÄÖÊÁ¿°²È«¡£
¡¡¡¡3 ¡¢Ð¡½á
¡¡¡¡Æµ·¢µÄÒ©º¦Ê¼þÁÕßÏÝÈë¿Ö»Å¡¢ÑÏÖØÍþвÓÃÒ©°²È«µÄͬʱ£¬Ò²±©Â¶ÁËÎÒ¹úÔÚÒ©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿ºÍÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿¼à¶½¹ÜÀí·½ÃæµÄÖî¶à©¶´£¬ÆÈʹҽҩÐÐÒµ²»¶Ï¸Ä½ø£¬±ÜÃâÒ©º¦Ê¼þµÄ·¢Éú¡£Ò©Ê¦×÷Ϊ°²È«ÓÃÒ©µÄÊØ»¤Õߣ¬Ó¦¹Ø×¢²¢ÊµÊ±¸üÐÂÒ©Æ·ÖÊÁ¿°²È«Ïà¹ØµÄ×ÊѶ£¬ÃÜÇмà²âÁÙ´²ÓÃÒ©ÖгöÏÖµÄÒ©Æ·²»Á¼Ê¼þ²¢¼°Ê±Éϱ¨£¬ÒÔÆÚ¾¡Ôçʶ±ð±¾»ú¹¹³öÏÖµÄÒ©º¦Ê¼þ£¬²ÉÈ¡Ó¦¼±ÏìÓ¦´ëÊ©¡£
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
¡¡¡¡[1]Suggested definitions and relationships among medication misadventures, medication errors, adverse drug events, and adverse drug reactions[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1998;55(2):165-166.
¡¡¡¡[2]Tam KW, Kwok KH, Fan YM, et al. Detection and prevention of medication misadventures in general practice[J]. Int J Qual Heath Care, 2008;20(3):192-199.
¡¡¡¡[3]National Medical Products Administration.Notice of the CFDA on Guilin Xingda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and other enterprises in the illegal production and sale of ginkgo biloba drugs (2015 No 15) (¹ú¼ÒʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí×ֹܾØÓÚ¹ðÁÖÐË´ïÒ©ÒµÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾µÈÆóҵΥ·¨Éú²úÏúÊÛÒøÐÓÒ¶Ò©Æ·µÄͨ¸æ(2015ÄêµÚ15ºÅ))[EB/OL].(2015-5-19) [2019-3-22].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2182/300013.html.
¡¡¡¡[4]National Medical Products Administration.Notice of the CFDA on the self-inspection of 90 ginkgo biloba extract and ginkgo biloba drug manufacturing enterprises (2015 No. 24)(¹ú¼ÒʳƷҩƷ¼à¶½¹ÜÀí×ֹܾØÓÚ90¼ÒÒøÐÓÒ¶ÌáÈ¡ÎïºÍÒøÐÓÒ¶Ò©Æ·Éú²úÆóÒµ×Ô¼ìÇé¿öµÄͨ¸æ(2015ÄêµÚ24ºÅ)) [EB/OL]. (2015-6-22) [2019-3-22].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2108/281640.html
¡¡¡¡[5]National Medical Products Administration.The person in charge of NMPA introduced the situation of the Changchun Changsheng’s rabies vaccine case.(¹ú¼ÒÒ©¼à¾Ö¸ºÔðÈ˽éÉܳ¤´º³¤Éú¿ñÈ®²¡ÒßÃç°¸¼þÓйØÇé¿ö)[EB/OL]. (2018-7-22) [2019-3-15].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2056/329653.html
¡¡¡¡[6]National Medical Products Administration. State Council investigation team announces progress in Changchun Changsheng's illegalrabies vaccine production case(¹úÎñÔºµ÷²é×鹫²¼³¤´º³¤ÉúÎ¥·¨Î¥¹æÉú²ú¿ñÈ®²¡ÒßÃç°¸½øÕ¹)[EB/OL]. (2018-8-7) [2019-3-15].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2056/329849.html
¡¡¡¡[7]National Medical Products Administration.Notice of taking urgent control measures for Leucin A injection produced by Qiqihar Second Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (very urgent) (¶ÔÆëÆë¹þ¶ûµÚ¶þÖÆÒ©ÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄÁÁ¾ú¼×ËØ×¢ÉäÒº²ÉÈ¡½ô¼±¿ØÖÆ´ëÊ©µÄ֪ͨ£¨Ìؼ±£©) [EB/OL].(2006-5-9) [2019-3-15]. http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2196/323552.html
¡¡¡¡[8]Wax PM. Elixirs, diluents, and the passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [J]. Ann Intern Med, 1995;122(6):456-461.
¡¡¡¡[9]Zhang Q, Chen H, Yao LH.Simple Analysis on How to Establish Rapid Alert System and Emergency Response Mechanism for Drug Safety Based on the Events of Medicinal Capsules with Excessive Chromium[J]. China Pharmacist (Öйúҩʦ), 2018;21(3):472-474.
¡¡¡¡[10]Zhang CL, Zhang GH. Reflections on "Plum Blossom K" Fake Drug Case[J]. Chin Pharm Affairs (ÖйúÒ©ÊÂ), 2004;18(1):56-58.
¡¡¡¡[11]National Medical Products Administration.Urgent notice regarding control of clindamycin phosphate glucose injection produced by Anhui Huayuan Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd(¹ØÓÚ¶Ô±êʾÉϺ£»ªÔ´¹É·ÝÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾°²»Õ»ªÔ´ÉúÎïÒ©ÒµÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄ¿ËÁÖùËØÁ×Ëáõ¥ÆÏÌÑÌÇ×¢ÉäÒº½øÐпØÖƵĽô¼±Í¨Öª)[EB/OL]. (2006-8-4) [2019-3-15].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2196/323569.html
¡¡¡¡[12]Beijing Municipal Health Commission.How was Baiyi problem medicine discovered(°ÛÒ×ÎÊÌâÒ©ÊÇÔõô·¢ÏÖµÄ)[EB/OL].£¨2007-1-31£©[2019-3-15]. https://wjw.beijing.gov.cn/xwzx/wnxw/200701/t20070131_4305.htm
¡¡¡¡[13]National Medical Products Administration. NMPA announces preliminary investigation of emerging products of Shanghai Xinxing(¹ú¼ÒÒ©¼à¾Ö¹«²¼ÉϺ£ÐÂÐËÏà¹Ø²úÆ·³õ²½µ÷²éÇé¿ö)[EB/OL]. (2019-2-6) [2019-3-18]]http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2056/334991.html
¡¡¡¡[14] ¹ú¼ÒÒ©Æ·¼à¶½¹ÜÀí¾Ö.Ò©Æ·Éú²úÖÊÁ¿¹ÜÀí¹æ·¶£¨2010ÄêÐÞ¶©£©£¨ÎÀÉú²¿ÁîµÚ79ºÅ£©[EB/OL].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2174/300569.html£¬2019-3-15.
¡¡¡¡[15]Chen XL. Analysis of the Existing Problems in the Drug Manufacturing and Drug Supervision and Management From the“Qi Er Yao”Counterfeit Event and “Xin Fu”Drug Accidents[J]. Chin Pharm Affairs (ÖйúÒ©ÊÂ), 2008;22(10):871-873.2
¡¡¡¡[16]Xing JY, Wan JP, Yang XJ£¬et al. Analysis of Drug Safety Supervision in China from the“Event of Medicinal Capsules with Excessive Level of Chromium”[J]. China Pharmacy (ÖйúÒ©·¿), 2013; 24(25): 2308-2310.
¡¡¡¡[17]Fu LY, Lu Y£¬Ma F£¬et al. The viral safety management status of biological products and discussion on the inspection and quarantine supervision[J]. Chin Front Heal Quarantine Dec (Öйú¹ú¾³ÎÀÉú¼ìÒßÔÓÖ¾), 2015;38(6): 442-448.
¡¡¡¡[18]Ma YY£¬Zhao X£¬Yin HQ£¬et al. Advances in securing viral safety for plasma products[J], Mil Med Sci(¾üÊÂҽѧ), 2015; 39(3): 225-228.
¡¡¡¡[19]Wang Y, Han P, Zhang XL. Important roles of pharmaceutical excipients standards and guidelines system construction in excipients regulatory reform in China[J]. China Pharmacist(Öйúҩʦ), 2016; 19(9): 1726-1730.
¡¡¡¡[20]Fu YJ, Shan YL, Lu Y. Pondering over pharmaceutical excipients regulation[J]. Chin Pharm Affairs (ÖйúÒ©ÊÂ), 2013;27(10): 1025-1036.
¡¡¡¡[21]National Medical Products Administration.Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China(ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÒ©Æ·¹ÜÀí·¨)[EB/OL].(2019-9-17) [2019-11-11]. http://gkml.samr.gov.cn/nsjg/fgs/201909/t20190917_306828.html