民事公益诉讼启动主体探究

    本篇论文目录导航：

　　【题目】民事公益诉讼启动主体探究
　　【1.1】公共利益的理论与特征
　　【1.2】公益诉讼的概念、特征及分类
　　【1.3】公益诉权的概念、性质及突破
　　【第二章】民事公益诉讼原告制度
　　【3.1  3.2】确立公民个人民事公益诉讼资格的必须性
    【3.3】公民提起民事公益诉讼的制度设计
　　【结语/参考文献】《民诉法》中公益诉讼主体资格分析结语与参考文献
 

　　1996 年，丘建东因“一块二”官司被誉为“中国公益诉讼创始人”,揭开了我国公益诉讼的序幕。近二十年来，民事公益诉讼案件在我国司法实践中大量发生，涉及的领域包括消费者权益保护、环境保护、城市规划、公民权利等等。虽然，公益诉讼在民间风声水起，理论界也呼声渐高，但我国对民事公益诉讼的立法却艰难曲折。2007 年，我国《民事诉讼法》（以下简称《民诉法》）第一次修订，公益诉讼的规定被流产。2012 年，《民诉法》进行第二次修订，首次对公益诉讼的内容进行了规定。《民诉法》第 55 条写到“对侵害众多消费者合法权益、污染环境等损害社会公共利益的行为，法律规定的有关组织与机关可向人民法院提起诉讼”.但作为一项法律制度而言，《民诉法》对公益诉讼的规定显然比较原则，而且也遗憾地将公益诉讼起诉主体限定为法律规定的机关和有关组织。

　　从我国公益诉讼的司法实践来看，公民恰恰是引发民事公益诉讼的一支重要力量。中国公益诉讼网主导评选的年度“中国十大公益诉讼”排行榜上，公民提起的公益诉讼案件占据多数。虽然有些案件往往不能进入法律通道，有些案件哪怕被法院受理了，也不能达到保护公共利益的初衷，但公民对公益诉讼的热情是高涨的。反过来看，《民诉法》实施后，可以进入法律通道的公益诉讼却依然难以展开。这固然有司法上的障碍，但起诉主体的缺位也是一个原因。

　　2014 年 3 月 15 日修订实施的《消费者权益保护法》，赋予了省级以上消费者协会提起公益诉讼的权利，但到目前为止，针对消费领域存在的或发生的侵害公共利益的行为，尚没有一家消费者组织拿起公益诉讼这一有力武器。

　　我国理论界关于公民是否具有提起公益诉讼资格的问题一直争议不断。对此，支持者的观点是，应该畅通公民维护公共利益的渠道，弥补机关和有关组织的不足。反对者认为，允许公民提起公益诉讼，会造成滥诉，造成司法资源的浪费。笔者认为，公益诉讼是为保护社会公共利益而设的一项法律制度，公民作为公共利益的最终分享者，有权利采取保护公共利益的行动，而公益诉讼显然是最有力、最民主、最符合法治要求的一种手段。滥诉的顾虑，不能成为阻碍公民提起公益诉讼的绊脚石。不管是大陆法系国家，还是英美法系国家，公民在公益诉讼中都发挥了重要作用。随着司法实践的逐步探索，尽管《民诉法》限定了提起公益诉讼的主体，但是民事公益诉讼启动主体仍有广阔的探讨空间。

　　本文除引言和结语外，包括以下三个部分：第一部分是关于民事公益诉讼的基础理论。本部分将阐述公共利益、公益诉讼和公益诉权等基本问题。第二部分是民事公益诉讼原告制度比较。主要论述公益诉讼代表人，比较英美法系、大陆法系主要国家的民事公益诉讼原告制度以及两大法系民事公益诉讼原告制度的比较。第三部分主要是对我国民事公益诉讼现状的剖析，试图厘清公民作为民事公益诉讼起诉主体的可行性和现实性，及相关的制度性设计，以求完善我国民事公益诉讼的起诉主体制度。

　　[关键词]:民事公益诉讼 原告资格 公民

　　In 1996, Qiu Jiandong due to “block two” case has been known as the “founderof Chinese public interest litigation”, opened a prelude to China's public interestlitigation. In the past twenty years, a large number of civil public interest litigationcases happen in judicial practice of our Country, involving fields including consumerrights and interests protection, environmental protection, city planning, civil rightsand so on. Although, Folk and the theory of public interest litigation is very highenthusiasm, but the legislation of civil public interest litigation in China is notsmooth. In 2007, “Civil Procedure Law” was amended for the first time, Theprovisions of the public interest litigation eventually abortion. In 2012, “CivilProcedure Law” revised second times, the provisions of article fifty-fifth: “on thepollution of the environment infringement, many of the legitimate interests ofconsumers and other damage to the social public interest behavior, the organsstipulated by law and relevant organizations may bring a lawsuit to the people'scourt ”, it is the first time the provisions of public interest litigation. But as a legalsystem, “Civil Procedure Law” for public interest litigation provisions clearly acomparison principle, but also regret to the public interest litigation prosecutionsubject qualified as legal authorities and relevant organizations.

　　From the judicial practice of public interest litigation of our country, the citizenis exactly an important force caused by the civil public interest litigation. In the2annual China ten public interest litigation list, Most of the cases filed by the citizen.

　　Although, some cases often cannot enter the legal channels, some cases even beaccepted, but not to protect the original intention of the public interest, but citizensfiled public interest litigation still advance wave upon wave. Conversely, after thepromulgation of “civil procedure law”, Public interest litigation is still difficult tocarry out, Although this is the obstacle of justice, but the absence of the mainprosecution is one of the reasons. the “consumer protection law” was amended in2013, given the above the Provincial Consumer Association filed public interestlitigation rights, but so far, according to the consumption field of existence oroccurrence of acts against the public interest, there is not a consumer organizationsfiled public interest litigation .

　　For the public interest litigation qualification problem of the citizen, the theorycircle of our country has a different voice. The supporters think, should expedite thecitizen to safeguard the public interest channels, make up the shortage of organs andrelated organizations. Opponents argue that, to allow citizens to initiate publicinterest litigation, will cause the abuse of litigation, resulting in a waste of judicialresources. The author thinks, the public interest litigation is a legal system to protectthe social public interests, citizens as the ultimate share common interests, have theright to the protection of the public interest action. Whether in common lawcountries, or civil law countries, citizens have played an important role in the publicinterest litigation. Although the “Civil Procedure Law” defines public interestlitigation subject of litigation, but with the gradual exploration of judicial practice,the civil public interest litigation subject to initiate has a broad study space.

　　This article has three parts, besides the introduction and the conclusion. the firstpart is the basic theory of the civil public interest litigation. Mainly discusses thepublic interest, public interest litigation and public litigious right and other basicproblems. The second part is the comparison of the plaintiff in civil publicinterest litigation. Mainly discusses the public interest representative system,comparison of Anglo American law system, the civil law countries, civil publicinterest litigation plaintiff system and two of civil public interest litigation plaintiffsystem. The third part is the present situation analysis of China's civil public interestlitigation, the study of civil public interest litigation filed civil reality and feasibility,and the related program design, in order to consummate our country's civil publicinterest litigation prosecution subject system.

　　Key words: Civil Public Interest Litigation; The eligibility ofPlaintiff; Citizens
 

　　导 言

　　第一章 民事公益诉讼基础理论

　　第一节 公共利益

　　一、关于“公共利益”的论说

　　二、相近概念分析

　　三、公共利益的特征

　　第二节 公益诉讼

　　一、何谓“公益诉讼”

　　二、公益诉讼的特征

　　三、公益诉讼的分类

　　第三节 公益诉权

　　一、公益诉权的概念

　　二、公益诉权的性质

　　三、公益诉权对传统诉权的突破

　　第二章 民事公益诉讼原告制度

　　第一节 公益诉讼代表人

　　一、官方公益诉讼代表人

　　二、民间公益诉讼代表人

　　第二节 英美法系主要国家民事公益诉讼原告制度

　　一、美国

　　二、英国

　　第三节 大陆法系主要国家民事公益诉讼原告制度

　　一、德国

　　二、日本

　　第四节 两大法系民事公益诉讼原告制度之比较

　　一、检察机关

　　二、公益团体

　　三、公民

　　第三章 我国民事公益诉讼原告制度的思考

　　第一节 我国民事公益诉讼的现状

　　一、有关国家机关对公益诉讼的司法实践

　　二、公益诉讼的民间探索

　　第二节 确立公民个人民事公益诉讼资格的必须性

　　一、给予公民合理的公益诉权是与公益诉讼的发展趋势相一致的

　　二、给予公民合理的公益诉讼是法治国家发展的必然要求

　　三、给予公民合理的公益诉权是建构我国公民社会的要求

　　第三节 公民提起民事公益诉讼的制度设计

　　一、建立诉前审查机制

　　二、建立诉讼费用免除制度

　　三、建立法律援助机制

　　四、建立胜诉奖励机制

　　结 语

　　参考文献