摘要
社区环境治理,是环境保护的新形式、环境公众参与的新思路和新方法。它是指社区居民、社区自治组织、政府、社会组织和企业等广泛主体通过协商与合作等形式共同参与对社区及公共环境事务的管理。通过社区环境治理,能够有效地保障宪法和法律中确立的居民自治权,以及公民的环境参与权、知情权和监督权,实现环境保护目标和社区建设目标的双赢。而社区环境治理法律制度,则是为实现这一模式的法治化而建立的一整套相互配合、相互关联的法律规则。为准确理解社区环境治理法律制度,首先需要准确把握几个相关概念。一是社区。社区原是社会学概念,而在现行法中社区主要分为城市社区与农村社区。城市社区,是指经过调整的城市居民委员会辖区。而农村社区,一般是指与农村村民委员会辖区相一致的行政村。而作为本文研究对象的社区,则通过对现行法的概括与抽象,将城市与农村社区概念统一起来,这样的视角有助于对社区环境治理进行总体研究。二是治理。治理是指多元主体广泛参与公共事务管理的形式,特别是善治,普遍成为当代政府治理现代化改革的目标。三是社区环境治理。社区环境治理是环境治理在社区层面上的实践,强调了社区在其他相关主体的共同参与下,自主地对社区环境事务的治理。
对于法律这门讲求“理由先于结论”的学科而言,任何法律制度在进行构建前均需要理论证成,说明其构建的正当性和理由。而社区环境治理法律制度,有着深刻的理论正当性和现实需求:社区环境治理法律制度体现着法的价值中自由、正义、秩序和效率的价值追求,是其理论正当性的来源;城乡人居环境问题严峻、传统政府管制模式失灵、环境公众参与状况不佳和社区环境治理法律制度供给不足,则是其现实需求所在。
构建我国的社区环境治理法律制度,首先需要明确其基本模式和指导原则。总结社区治理的国际经验,主要有三种模式,分别是社区自治型、政府主导型和政府与社区结合型。通过分析比较其中优劣,并结合我国的实际,政府与社区结合型应当成为我国的选择。而构建我国社区环境治理法律制度的指导原则主要有:统筹规划原则、社区自主原则、政府指导原则、公众参与原则和硬法与软法结合原则。
具体而言,社区环境治理法律制度的构建策略应当是从参与治理的各个主体在治理中的角色出发,分别进行相应的制度设计。首先,政府是社区环境治理的支持者,应主要从各方面为社区环境治理提供支持,如提供制度支持、财政支持、人力和智力支持等。其次,社区自治组织是社区环境治理中的核心角色,因此首要的任务是完善社区自治组织建设。同时,许多制度都有赖于社区自治组织的运作,比如制定社区环境公约、设立专门的社区环境委员会、探索建立社区环境圆桌会议制度和推动建设社区环境宣传教育制度等。再次,社区居民是社区环境治理的主要行动者,因此可以从居民在社区环境治理中享有的权利和承担的义务角度进行分析。居民在社区环境治理中,主要享有知情权、参与权、决策权和监督权。而居民主要的义务则体现为不破坏环境的义务、生活垃圾处理的义务、低碳节俭的义务和参与环境治理的积极义务。复次,社会组织和其他社会力量是帮助社区环境治理实现的重要推力,为此,应当积极培育社区内的社会组织,并形成社区内外组织间的联动机制,帮助社区提升环境治理的能力。最后,社区是企业的利益相关者,因此企业应履行对社区的环境责任。企业对社区最基本的环境责任是进行环境信息公开。而除此之外,也要求企业积极地参与社区环境治理。最后,上述构建策略应当通过法制化路径落实到相应的法律文本中,以使之稳定化、制度化。
关键词:环境治理,社区治理,环境公众参与,法律制度建设
ABSTRACT
Community-based environmental governance is the new method ofenvironmental protection and the new access of public participation as well.
It means that residents, community, government, NGOs, enterprises worktogether by negotiating and collaborating to manage the publicenvironmental affairs in the community. By doing this, the autonomousright of residents provided in the Constitution and laws, and the right toparticipate in environmental affairs, the right to know and the right tosupervise will be fully achieved. The legal system of community-basedenvironmental governance is the combination of a series of rules makingsure the governance functions well and under the rule of law. Tounderstand this concept, some related concepts need to be explained. Firstone is “community”. The idea of community is originated from sociology,in the current law of China it means the prefecture of residents' committeein urban areas and the prefecture of villagers' committee in rural areas. Butin the text community is a united concept combined both urban areas andrural areas which would help the research. Another one is “governance”.
Governance means all the forces in society working together in solvingpublic affairs. Governance, especially good governance, is becoming thegoal of modernization reform for governments. The idea of governance hasspread widely in all the categories of public affairs such as environmentalgovernance and community governance. Community-based environmentalgovernance is the intersection of environmental governance andcommunity governance, which emphasize the autonomy of the communityand the public participation in dealing with the environmental affairs ofcommunity.
The legal system of community-based environmental governance hasboth the theoretical legitimacy and practical demands. For the theoreticalreason, the legal system of community-based environmental governanceindicates the four basic values of law, these are: liberty, justice, order andlaw. For the practical reason, there are four problems in China that calls forcommunity-based environmental governance, these are: the environmentalproblems in both urban and rural areas are becoming serious; Using“command and control” strategy by the government alone to solveenvironmental problems is proved to be failure; Public participation inenvironmental protection needs to improve; and the scarcity of rules forcommunity-based environmental governance to follow while the Partypolicy is promoting this idea.
To build a robust legal system, first we have to choose a suitable legalmode and certain general principles to follow. Worldwide speaking, thereare three typical modes for successful community governance: thecommunity independent mode, government guiding mode andgovernment-community collaborating mode. After comparison the pros andcons in these three modes and taking Chinese case into account, it is wiseto choose government-community collaborating mode. As for the generalprinciples, these are: overall planning, community independence,government guidance, public participation and the combination of “softlaw” and “hard law”.
The last but not least is the specific suggestions for how to build sucha legal system. Since governance means all the stakeholders workingtogether, this legal system must be a comprehensive one that making eachstakeholder plays their role to the full. First, for government, it should playsupporting role by making regulations and laws, providing financial andman-powered support. Second, for the autonomous organization ofcommunity which represents the community, the first task is to help itbecome more representative and effective, and some other institutions likedrafting bylaws on environmental protection in community, establishingthe environmental committee in community, holding the public roundtablemeetings and hearings, and promoting environmental education incommunity. Thirdly, as to the residents in community, it's important to setthe rights and duties. The residents have the right to know, the right toparticipate, the right to supervise and the right to claim in the process ofenvironmental governance in community. They also have duties, these are:not to pollute the environment, handle garbage properly, live in alow-carbon and environmental friendly way, and to participate in theenvironmental governance in community. Fourthly, organizations playsimportant role in environmental governance. Laws shall be made to nurturethe community-based organizations and build cooperative mechanismbetween NGOs, volunteers and community organizations. Finally, for theenterprises in community, they must take social responsibilities to thecommunity like environmental information disclosure and participation inthe environmental governance.Above all, legislation must play a supportiveand active role in making these suggestions effective.
KEY WORDS:Environmental Governance, Community Governance,Environmental Public Participation, Legal System Construction.
目录
引言
一、选题背景与意义
二、研究现状
三、主要研究内容
四、研究方法
(一)文献研究法
(二)比较研究法
五、主要创新
第一章社区环境治理法律制度的基本范畴
一、社区
(一)社会学中社区的概念
(二)现行法中社区的概念
(三)本文中社区的概念
二、社区环境治理
(一)治理的概念
(二)环境治理与社区治理
(三)社区环境治理的概念
三、社区环境治理法律制度
(一)社区环境治理法律制度的法律基础
(二)社区环境治理法律制度的主体
(三)社区环境治理法律制度的客体
第二章社区环境治理法律制度的理论证成
一、社区环境治理法律制度的正当性分析
(一)自由价值分析
(二)正义价值分析
(三)秩序价值分析
(四)效率价值分析
二、社区环境治理法律制度的现实需求
(一)城乡人居环境问题严峻
(二)传统政府管制模式失灵
(三)环境公众参与状况不佳
(四)社区环境治理法律不足
第三章构建我国社区环境治理法律制度的模式与原则
一、构建我国社区环境治理法律制度的模式选择
(一)社区自治模式
(二)政府主导模式
(三)政府与社区自治结合模式
(四)小结:我国的模式选择
二、构建我国社区环境治理法律制度的指导原则
(一)统筹规划原则
(二)社区自主原则
(三)政府引导原则
(四)公众参与原则
(五)硬法软法相结合原则
第四章构建我国社区环境治理法律制度的策略建议
一、政府:提供支持
(一)制度支持
(二)财政支持
(三)人力和智力支持
二、社区自治组织:核心角色
(一)完善社区自治组织建设
(二)制定社区环境公约
(三)建立社区环境委员会
(四)探索社区环境圆桌会议制度
(五)推动社区环境宣传教育
三、社区居民:主要行动者
(一)社区居民享有的权利
(二)社区居民承担的义务
四、社会组织:内外联动
(一)培育社区内组织发展
(二)建立社区内外组织间的联动机制
五、企业:履行环境责任
(一)向社区履行环境信息公开的义务
(二)参与社区环境治理的义务
六、社区环境治理法律制度立法建议
结论
参考文献
后记
致谢