摘要
油船冲洗后的含油废水，其所含油的密度与水相近，不宜与水分离，现有的含油废水处理方法存在占地面积大、运行费用高、出水不稳定等问题，因此，需要幵发更完善的技术处理方法。膨润土具有较好的吸附性、阳离子交换性和较大的比表面积，且其储量丰富，价格低廉，但由于天然膨润土中表面硅氧结构具有极强的亲水性和层间可交换阳离子的水解，使其表面形成一层水膜，对疏水性有机物的吸附能力较差。因此，为了有效将其应用于含油废水去除过程，必须对膨润土进行有机改性，使其表面由原来的亲水性转换为亲油性。具体内容如下：
分别以碳酸钠和十六烷基三甲基氯化铰为改性剂，制备了钠基膨润土和有机膨润土，通过扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）和红外光谱（FT-IR）等测试分析方法，对有机膨润土的形貌与结构进行了表征。SEM和TEM结果说明加入改性剂后，膨润土表面形貌发生了改变，层间距加大，XRD结果进一步证明，与原基膨润土和钠基膨润土相比，有机膨润土的层间距明显增加。FT-IR结果表明，有机改性只是在蒙脱石层间引入了有机官能团，对蒙脱石的基本晶体结构没有明显影响。
以不同类型的膨润土材料为吸附剂，将其应用于对实际含油废水时吸附处理，通过对脱色率、COD去除率的测定以及紫外一可见光谱图的变化，考察吸附剂种类及加入量对含油废水处理效果的影响。实验结果表明，同种膨润土对含油废水的处理，随着用土量的增加，对油的处理效果也随之提高；在同样的条件下，有机膨润土的脱色性能以及去除有机物的性能均强于原基膨润土和钠基膨润土，当加入1.5g/50ml有机膨润土时，含油废水的COD去除率可以达到54.62%;其有机膨润土加入量超过1.5g/50ml时，去除率增加幅度不大。
关键词：钠基膨润土；有机膨润土；结构；含油废水；去除率；COD
ABSTRACT
The density of the oil in oily wastewater from oil tanker washing is the same aswater, and is difficult to be separated from water. The existing methods of oilywastewater treatment have many problems, such as large floor space, high operationcost, instable effluent, and so on. Therefore, it needs to develop more perfect technologyof oily wastewater treatment. Bentonite has good adsorption, cation exchange and largerspecific surface area, cheap price and is abundant in China, however, the surface silicastructure of natural bentonite with strong hydrophilic and interlayer exchangeablecations hydrolysis, makes its surface to form a layer of water film, which results in pooradsorption capacity of hydrophobic organic compounds. Therefore, in order toeffectively apply bentonite to deal with oily wastewater, it is necessary to modifiedbentonite to make its surface from hydrophilicity converted to hydrophilic. Specificcontent is as follows:
Bentonite of natrium and organic bentonite was prepared used cetyl trimethylammonium chloride and sodium carbonate as modifier,respectively. The morphologyand structure have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM），transmission electron microscopy （TEM）， X-ray diffraction （XRD） and infraredspectrum （FT-IR）。 SEM and TEM results showed that the surface morphology ofbentonite changed, layer spacing increased after modified. XRD results further provedthat the layer spacing of organic bentonite increased significantly compared withbentonite and bentonite of natrium. FT - IR results indicated that the basic crystalstructure of montmorillonite is no obvious influence after the organic modified and onlyorganic functional group was introduced into montmorillonite interlayer.
The different types of bentonite were applied to the treatment of actual oilywastewater as adsorbent materials, and the influence of adsorbent types and the additionof bentonite on the removal efficiency were investigated by the determination of thedecolorization rate, COD removal rate and the change of the uv-vis spectra. The resultsindicated the removal efficiency of oil increased with the increase of amount ofbentonite added using the same bentonite for oily wastewater treatment. Under the sameconditions,organic bentonite showed the strong decoloring performance and theperformance of the removal of organic matter compared with bentonite and bentonite ofnatrium. The removal rate of COD reached 54.62% when 1.5g/50ml the quantity ofbentonite was added and further increased the addition of organic bentonite; the removalrate remained no change.
Key Words: Bentonite of natrium; Organic bentonite; Structure; Oily wastewater;Removal rate; COD
目 录
引言
第1章绪论
1.1含油废水污染的现状
1.1.1含油废水来源
1.1.2含油废水的物化性质
1.1.3含油废水的危害
1.2含油废水传统处理技术现状
1.2.1物理法
1.2.2化学法
1.2.3物理化学法
1.2.4生物法
1.3膨润土的结构及特征
1.3.1膨润土的结构
1.3.2膨润土的特性
1.4膨润土的改性
1.4.1活性改性
1.4.2添加剂改性
1.5有机膨润土的特征及吸附机理
1.5.1有机膨润土的特征
1.5.2有机膨润土的吸附机理
1.6有机膨润土在水处理中的应用
1.6.1吸附重金属离子
1.6.2 脱色
1.6.3吸附有机污染物
1.6.4钢其他应用
1.7本课题的研究意义及内容
1.7.1研究意义
1.7.2研究内容
第2章实验材料、设备与方法
2.1实验材料与设备
2.1.1水样的来源及其性质
2.1.2主要试剂
2.1.3主要仪器
2.2基本实验方法
2.3分析测试方法
2.3.1膨润土的结构与性能测试方法
2.3.2化学需氧量（COD）的测定方法；
第3章膨润土的制备及其性能研究
3.1膨润土的制备试验
3.1.1膨润土的钠化
3.1.2有机膨润土的制备
3.2膨润土的结构与性能
3.2.1SEM 分析
3.2.2TEM 分析
3.2.3XRD 分析
3.2.4红外吸收光谱分析
第4章膨润土处理实际含油废水的应用研究
4.1原基膨润土对水中油的处理效果
4.1.1脱色情况
4.1.2紫外-可见光谱图
4.1.3 COD的去除效果
4.2钠基膨润土对水中油的处理效果
4.2.1脱色情况
4.2.2紫外-可见光谱图
4.2.3 COD的去除效果
4.3有机膨润土对水中油的处理效果
4.3.1脱色情况
4.3.2紫外-可见光谱图
4.3.3 COD的去除效果
4.4小结
第5章结论与建议
5.1结论
5.2建议
参考文献
致谢
