农业昆虫论文第八篇:新疆地区蝗虫发生与监控问题探析
摘要:因蝗虫种群种类多、分布范围广,导致新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区。本文概述了几十年来新疆蝗虫基础理论研究及监测预警与防控技术进展,同时总结了中哈边境蝗虫跨境迁飞过程及雷达监测的最新研究结果,并就中亚迁飞场理论和实证研究、区域迁飞害虫监测网络平台建立和生物防治技术三个方面进行了展望,以期为监测和治理新疆本地蝗虫及西北边境迁飞害虫提供科学依据和技术支撑。
关键词:蝗虫; 适应机理; 跨境迁飞; 昆虫雷达; 中哈边境;
Advances in research on locusts and locust monitoring technology in Xinjiang
YU Bing-Jie Chen Ji-Jun JI Rong
College of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Key Laboratory of Conservation and Management of Species Diversity in Xinjiang, International Research Center of Cross-border Pest Management in Central Asia Xinjiang Uygur autonomous Region locust Pest Prediction and Control Center
Abstract:Because it has both a large number of species and a wide distribution of locusts, and also suffers serious cross-border invasions of locusts from neighboring countries, Xinjiang is the most prominent, and typical, locust plague area in China. This paper summarizes advances in theoretical research on early warning methods for, and integrated management of, locusts in Xinjiang over the past decade, and reviews recent research on cross-border migration and radar monitoring. In addition, theoretical and empirical studies on the insect migration zone in Central Asia, the establishment of regional pest monitoring, construction of a forewarning network platform and biological control technology are discussed in detail. We hope this information provides a scientific basis and technical support for the control of locusts in Xinjiang and for monitoring migratory pests on China's northwestern border.
新疆是我国蝗虫灾害发生最突出、最典型的地区之一,也是遭受邻国蝗虫跨境危害最严重的地区之一。新疆草原蝗虫种类多、分布广、数量大、灾害频发,每年平均发生草原蝗灾约2×106 hm2,经济损失达7×106元,严重影响到新疆畜牧业的可持续健康发展(熊玲,2002)。据报道,1986-1991年新疆蝗虫发生面积3.95×106 hm2,其中严重地区面积2.71×106 hm2,蝗虫发生面积占新疆草原可利用面积的8.5%(熊玲,2011)。1992-2001年期间,蝗害发生面积为7.06×105 hm2,严重危害面积为4.49×105 hm2,其中1999年、2000年新疆蝗虫灾害最为严重,蝗灾发生面积高达2.67×106 hm2,严重发生面积高达1.33×106 hm2(杨洪升和杨婷,2006)。
与此同时,邻国哈萨克斯坦境内的蝗虫常跨境迁飞至新疆边境区域危害,突发性的蝗灾给新疆边境区域造成严重的经济、社会和生态损失(黄辉和朱恩林,2001)。1999年由哈萨克斯坦国迁飞入境的亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria在塔城地区的扩散面积高达×106 hm2,严重危害面积3.56×106 hm2,其中农田1.39×106 hm2,草场2.17×106 hm2,并导致2.01×105 hm2农田绝收,直接经济损失3.26×108元(范福来,2011;哈玛尔和韩小虎,2014)。鉴于中国与哈萨克斯坦边境(后文简称为“中哈边境”)蝗虫跨境迁飞危害的严重性,2002年两国政府共同签署《中华人民共和国农业部和哈萨克斯坦共和国农业部关于防治蝗虫及其它农作物病虫害合作的协议》。近几十年来,经过几代人的努力,与周边国家加强国际合作,联合攻关,新疆蝗虫基础研究及监控技术取得了长足发展。
1 新疆蝗虫种类多样性
陈永林(1980)和陈永林等(1981)及刘举鹏(1995)对新疆蝗虫的形态特征包括成虫的识别、卵块的识别、蝗蝻的识别作了较全面的描述,记载蝗虫种类有62属157种,新疆蝗虫区系分布与植被类型关系进行研究,而且新疆蝗虫群落具有明显的垂直分布格局(黄人鑫和何斌,1984;乔永民等,2001),这些研究结果对新疆蝗虫开展后续研究具有重要参考价值。随着对新疆蝗虫不断深入研究,截至目前报道新疆蝗虫种类有65属177种(龚建宁,2001)。20世纪70年代前,亚洲飞蝗是新疆最主要的致灾类群,20世纪80年代后,新疆草原优势蝗虫群落组成发生了明显的地域性和生态地理分异变化,意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus、黑腿星翅蝗C.barbarus、西伯利亚蝗Gomphocerus sibiricus、宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettix palpalis、黑条小车蝗Oedaleus decorus、红胫戟纹蝗Dociostaurus kraussi kraussi等10余种蝗虫演变为优势种类(龚建宁,2001),新疆草原蝗虫种群由“单优”向“多优”的演替规律,总体呈现出栖息于荒漠草原和山地草原的旱生、中生的蝗虫类群趋于严重发生。以新疆7种优势蝗虫为例,研究得出不同蝗虫其口器、消化道结构及其消化道内微生物菌群与其取食不同寄主有密切关系(曾献春等,2007;何雪青等,2008;王晗等,2010a,2010b)。
2 温度对蝗虫发生的影响及其适应机理
自20世纪70年代新疆气候变暖趋势明显,据研究报道新疆蝗虫持续严重发生与同期气候变暖有显着相关性。随温度升高,春季蝗卵孵化时间提前,秋季产卵时间延长,有效积温增加,蝗虫危害期延长(任金龙等,2014,2015a)。温度、降水是影响蝗虫生长发育的关键因子(杨洪升等,2007;李焕等,2011;李新燕等,2011),尤其温度对新疆蝗虫的发生具有明显影响(杨洪升等,2008;齐贵英等,2011;王晗等,2014)。通过对新疆典型代表种类意大利蝗和西伯利亚蝗的研究发现,敏感温度和胁迫温度下,意大利蝗通过大量合成热激蛋白HSP70,以提高卵巢耐热性,保证卵子正常发生进程(向敏等,2017a,2017b)。蝗卵具较强的耐寒能力是保证其安全越冬的重要策略之一。越冬过程中,蝗卵的过冷却点(Super-cooling point,SCP)和冰点(Freezing point,FP)呈先下降后上升的趋势,体内含水量逐渐增加,且与抗寒能力呈正相关,脂肪、天冬氨酸Asp、谷氨酸Glu等是蝗卵越冬的主要耐寒物质,其中脂肪含量总体呈下降趋势,总游离氨基酸的含量呈先下降后上升趋势,呼吸代谢变化呈上升趋势(葛婧等,2014;何立志等,2017;闫蒙云等,2018a,2018b)。随温度升高,意大利蝗和西伯利亚蝗的成虫均可以通过调节生理生化物质含量、调整呼吸代谢水平、改变呼吸模式和缩短交配时间等提高虫体的耐高温能力(李娟等,2014;王冬梅等,2014,2016a,2016b;李爽等,2015,2016;任金龙等,2015c;钱雪等,2016,2017)。研究得出以意大利蝗为代表的栖息在荒漠半荒漠草原的蝗虫类群具有更强的高温耐受能力,以西伯利亚蝗为代表的栖息在高山亚高山草原蝗虫类群的高温耐受能力则相对较弱。蝗虫对高温耐受差异是长期适应进化的结果,在新疆气候持续变暖条件下,不同生境的蝗虫类群将在空间分布格局上产生较大变化。栖息于荒漠半荒漠草原、高山亚高山草原的蝗虫类群将随温度升高逐渐向高海拔、高纬度区域迁移,危害范围将进一步扩大。研究结果为地方制定和调整当前区域蝗虫灾害防控策略提供了科学依据。
3 蝗虫迁飞及新疆蝗虫发生与周边相邻国际区域间的关系
3.1 中哈边境蝗虫遗传多样性及基因流研究
中哈边境区域都处在中亚干旱区,地理位置相距较近,海拔高度和小气候相似,年均气温、降水量无显着差异(刘琼等,2017),在区域盛行西北气流的作用下,中哈边境区域蝗虫常因种群密度、食物或生理因素等发生迁飞扩散。以中哈边境区域不同地理种群意大利蝗、黑腿星翅蝗为研究对象,利用线粒体COⅠ、COⅡ、Cytb等作为分子标记,结果表明中哈边境不同地理种群间、种群内的蝗虫遗传分化水平低,种群间和种群内基因交流频繁(麦季玮等,2019;徐叶等,2019;Xu et al.,2019)。
3.2 蝗虫迁飞生理及蝗虫跨境迁飞轨迹与境外虫源地研究
研究表明,蝗虫卵巢处于Ⅱ级发育程度,其迁飞能力最强(任金龙等,2015b),且雌虫的飞行能力强于雄虫(刘琼,2017),蝗虫迁飞时可以通过改变自身的飞行肌结构以适应飞行(窦洁等,2017)。昆虫迁飞是一个耗能过程,意大利蝗飞行中同时利用糖类与脂类,起飞与短距离飞行时,糖类快速产生能量,长距离飞行主要依靠消耗甘油酯提供能量。蝗虫迁飞过程中其体内能源物质积累、飞行能力均先上升后下降,糖原积累量与飞行速度显着相关,甘油三酯积累量与飞行能力显着相关(窦洁等,2017)。基于历史数据和资料,利用HYSPLIT和ArcGIS分析中哈边境亚洲飞蝗的迁飞轨迹与境外虫源地分布,得出亚洲飞蝗境外虫源地主要分布在哈萨克斯坦境内的斋桑泊、巴尔喀什湖、阿拉湖、阿亚古兹河和哈萨克斯坦境内的额尔齐斯河等周围,并通过不同路径迁飞至中国新疆的塔城、阿勒泰等边境区域(Yu et al.,2019,已接受),亚洲飞蝗跨境迁飞时的风向与亚洲飞蝗迁飞方向基本相同,飞行高度介于300-500 m(Yu et al.,2019,已接受)。研究结果为掌握蝗虫迁飞关键过程及迁飞规律奠定了基础,同时为建立中哈边境害虫迁飞雷达监测技术平台提供决策依据。
4 新疆蝗虫预警研究及中哈边境害虫迁飞雷达监测技术平台建立与应用
新疆蝗虫发生面积与大气环流74项特征值的相关性分析,建立新疆蝗虫发生的长期预测模型,以提高蝗虫发生预测预报的准确性和时效性(杨洪升等,2008;傅玮东等,2009)。利用多年新疆蝗区遥感MODIS-NDVI数据,建立蝗灾遥感监测模型,确定了蝗虫发生面积与区域NDVI呈显着负相关(杨洪升,2007;于非,2008;杨洪升等,2013)。基于历史数据,利用GIS技术结合多准则分析法和马尔可夫链方法,拟合新疆蝗虫发生情况,结果表明,蝗虫危害面积拟合的准确率较高,但异常年份拟合的效果则欠佳(郑淑丹,2015)。利用MaxEm模型预测西伯利亚蝗虫在新疆的潜在分布区,预测结果与实际拟合度较好(杨会枫等,2016)。
鉴于中哈边境害虫跨境迁飞危害的严重性和持续性,新疆科研工作者与虫源国专家联合攻关,解决区域间实际生态问题为导向,加强合作交流,联防联治,降低损失,减少国际争端。2016年“新疆师范大学中亚区域跨境有害生物联合控制国际研究中心野外监测实验站”(后文简称为“实验站”)建立。该站位于中哈边境新疆塔城境内的库鲁斯台草原南部,距离中哈边境边界线约3 km(46°38?N,82°52?E),海拔443 m,占地面积约20 000 m2。实验站内有昆虫雷达、吸虫塔、高空和地面昆虫诱捕装置及小型气象站等,试验站完全可以满足野外监测和开展相关实验的研究工作。
借助实验站野外监测及室内研究得出,中哈边境塔城区域昆虫迁飞时段集中在22:00-03:00,迁飞高度介于200-600 m,有的迁飞昆虫种类飞行高度达到1 500 m,并发现宽胫夜蛾Protoschinia scutosa、甘薯天蛾Agrius convolvuli、旋歧夜蛾Anarta trifolii和谷婪步甲Ophonus calceatus数量具有明显的突增突减现象,诱虫数量与近地面温度密切相关。
5 展望
新疆蝗虫研究和防控取得了突出成绩,但关于蝗虫发生规律、迁移扩散机制及境外蝗虫迁飞关键过程等领域的研究仍比较薄弱。利用现代昆虫雷达技术及软件开发、中亚区域迁飞害虫监测网建立等与国内外尚有较大差距。新疆蝗虫防治方法主要包括化学防治、生物防治和物理防治等,其中以化学防治为主,生物防治为辅。随着对草原生态环境保护的不断加强,生物防治日趋得到重视,目前新疆常用的生物制剂包括蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae Canning、茚楝素、绿僵菌等,另外,多年来人工招引粉红椋鸟进行草原蝗虫防治在新疆得到推广应用,因此适应新疆蝗区干旱环境条件的生物制剂选择和推广应用仍需加强。依据昆虫迁飞场的基本条件及中亚区域昆虫迁飞数据和资料,提出中亚迁飞场(Insect migration zone in Central Asia),其理论和实证需进一步研究。因此,多层次、多角度、跨学科研究解析新疆蝗虫种群消长与灾变规律及其机制,使新疆蝗虫得到持续有效控制,以实现新疆畜牧业的可持续健康发展。
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