论文摘要
毒品犯罪侦控若干问题研究
毒品问题是一个全球性的社会问题，与艾滋病、恐怖活动并称为世界“三大公害”。在全球毒品问题日趋严重，尤其是新型毒品的不断翻新和迅猛蔓延的形势下，对毒品犯罪的侦控比任何时候都显得迫切。中华民族曾饱受鸦片毒品的侵害，新中国成立以后经过几年的治理，鸦片等烟毒从中华大地上消失殆尽，但随着改革开放之后日益频繁的国际交往，毒品再次在国内出现，并呈泛滥之势。与国际毒品问题形势一样，近年来虽然传统毒品犯罪呈下降趋势，但随之而来的却是新型的毒品，其传播之快、泛滥之广是传统毒品无法比拟的，而对其打击和治理也较以往更加困难。在传统毒品和新型毒品的双重包夹下，如何能找到一种应对毒品问题标本兼治的策略就显得更加重要。本文主要针对毒品侦查和防控问题这一主线，从毒品问题面临的形势和挑战、毒品犯罪侦查的特殊性和侦查手段的特殊性、毒品问题防控工作的难点和不足等方面进行了理论分析和探讨，最终给出有效防治毒品犯罪的建议。全文主要对以下问题进行了研究：
首先是对毒品和毒品犯罪的有关概念进行界定和辨析，对我国目前面临的形势和挑战进行分析，并以吉林省毒品犯罪为例，总结犯罪特点，剖析犯罪原因。
毒品作为国家规定管制的、能够使人形成瘾癖的麻醉药品和精神药品，其虽具有药品的属性，但与普通药品相比，又具有刑事违法性、对人体依赖性及对社会危害性等特征，而与其有关的一系列犯罪的总称就是毒品犯罪。就吸毒者个体来讲，对毒品的危害缺乏认识、好奇心理、盲目崇拜、从众心理、意志薄弱、家庭问题、膨胀心理等构成了毒品犯罪的主要原因。毒品犯罪数量总体上升、新型毒品逐渐取代传统毒品而占据毒品主要市场、国内制贩毒问题发展迅猛是当前国内毒品面临的严峻形势。从对毒品犯罪的特点和成因的分析，特别是在打击力度不断加大而毒品犯罪数量和吸毒人数逐渐增加的形势下，研究和探讨毒品犯罪的特殊侦查策略和控制毒品犯罪问题就显得尤为重要。
其次，毒品犯罪虽属于刑事犯罪的一种，但因其独特的犯罪特点，使其在侦查方式、侦查目的、侦查手段等方面具有其特殊性。与一般的刑事案件侦查相比较，毒品犯罪的犯罪现场隐蔽、无明确的被害人、犯罪涉及面广、流动性大等特性，使得传统侦查手段很难快速侦破案件。因此，对于毒品犯罪案件，更应根据毒品犯罪特点采取特殊的侦查手段。在毒品犯罪的侦查中，由于毒贩的反侦查能力不断增强，反侦查手段日益完备，客观上增加了公安机关的打击难度，产生了证据难以转化、缺乏法律依据、侦查队伍不适应侦查手段的需要等问题，加强禁毒的情报系统建设、完善侦查协作机制和侦查立法、提高侦查人员的素质、建立国内国际间的协作机制是现阶段刻不容缓的重要任务。
再次，预防犯罪的内在规律性决定了预防者只有发现这些规律、运用这些规律，才能最大限度地发挥预防犯罪之功能。针对毒品犯罪的规律，我国确立了以社会治安综合治理为主导的预防观，以潜在的吸毒、贩毒人群为预防对象，在毒品犯罪的各个环节、各个阶段，整合社会各部门的综合力量，构筑了立体防控网络。而在实际工作中，禁毒战略及体系的不完善、治理机制的不畅通、各部门配合的不紧密、禁毒立法的不完善等问题，严重影响了防控效果。在具体的工作部署和有限资源的使用上，仍以打击犯罪为主导，宣传教育和预防工作没有引起有关部门的重视。本文在分析预防犯罪相关理论的基础上，对当前毒品犯罪防控工作存在的问题进行了深入的剖析，并给出了对策建议，就是要在减少毒品供应和降低毒品需求上采取措施，加大资金、人力、物力的投入，建立执法协作机制，加快法制化进程。
最后，毒品犯罪的独特性和复杂性，使我们认识到单单从严厉打击和严酷的刑事制裁来减少毒品犯罪的发生收效甚微。传统的打击犯罪模式就是警方将其有限的资源用于应对案件的侦破以此来降低发案率，而短时间的犯罪率降低并不能保证此类犯罪得到根治，因为这种模式没有触及犯罪的诱因，更没有在预防上有任何作为。就如何减少和预防毒品犯罪，本文在全面分析当前广为接受的对犯罪“零容忍”的破窗理论基础上，得出如下结论：要转变治理毒品问题的思路，从毒品犯罪的根源上进行剖析，实行打击与预防并重，综合防范，标本兼治的综合治理措施，采集科学有效数据信息，分析毒品犯罪规律特点，为吸毒者提供与正常病人一样的就医环境和场所，加大社区对吸毒者的人文关怀，揭去毒品问题的神秘面纱，发挥城市、社区和学校的作用，通过降低和铲除犯罪诱因来治理犯罪，通过减少吸毒人员数量来降低毒品犯罪和贩毒人员数量。
关键词：毒品犯罪，侦查，预防控制，综合治理，降低犯罪
Abstract
Research on Problems of Drug-Related CrimeInvestigation and Control
Drug is a global social problem. Drug, AIDS and terrorist activities are known as"three serious social pollution” in the world. At present, drug problem is increasinglyserious in the worldwide; especially the new types of drugs are constantly and rapidlyspread. Under this situation, how to prevent and control the drug problem seems to bemore urgent than any other times. The Chinese nation has been suffered from opiumand drug for many years, and after the foundation of The People’s Republic of China,with the government’s great effort, opium and other drug have disappeared from China.
However, after reform and opening-up, with more and more internationalcommunication and other international activities are carrying out, drug appears inChina again and is spreading rapidly. Although in recent years the traditionaldrug-related crime declined, but the new-type drug-related crime increased which isspreading much faster and wider than the traditional one. This makes the drugprevention and control more difficult. Facing the challenge traditional and new-typedrug brought, it is very important to find an effective strategy to solve the essentialdrug problems. Focusing on drug detection, prevention and control, the article analyzesthe drug problem situation and challenge, researches the particularity of drug-relatedcrime detection, investigates the difficulty of drug problem prevention and control tofind out the deficiency of the work, to know how to improve it. Finally the articleraises some suggestions to effectively prevent and control drug-related crime. Thispaper mainly studies on the following subjects:
Firstly, the concept of drug and drug-related crime is defined, and the paperanalyses the present situation and challenge our country is facing. Taking thedrug-related crime in Jilin province as an example, the paper summed up the crimecharacteristic, and analyzes the causes of the crime. As a kind of addictive andnarcotic medicine and psychotropic medicine, besides the medicine common attribute,drug must be used according to the national crime law and also has such characters ashuman dependence, harm to society and so on. All the related crimes are calleddrug-related crime. As for a drug addict, generally speaking, lack of awareness of thedangers of drugs, curiosity, idolatry, conformity, weak-willed, family problemsconstitute the main causes of drug-related crime. Drug-related crime quantity increases,new-type drug gradually replaced the traditional ones and is occupying the drugmarket. The domestic production and selling of drug is spreading rapidly. The threefactors made the situation of drug problem very grim in our country. On the analysis ofcharacteristics of drug-related crime and the causes of the crime, especially facing therapid increasing of the drug-related crime and drug addicts, it seems to be veryimportant to research and explore on the systematic detection strategy of drug -relatedcrime and find effective ways to decrease the drug-related crime.
Secondly, drug-related crime is a kind of criminal offense, but due to its uniquecharacteristics of crime, it has special investigation purpose and methods. Comparingwith the common criminal cases, drug-related crime has the following characteristics:
the place of crime is covert, the victim is not clear, crime involves in wide area, andcriminals have some mobility and so on. Such characteristics make the traditionalmeans difficult to quickly solve the case. Therefore, for the case of drug-related crime,special and innovative detection means should be used according to the characteristicsof drug-related crime. During the detection process of drug-related crime, at present,the anti-detection ability of drug dealer is increasing ceaselessly, the means ofdetection is complete more and more plentiful, and these make it more difficult forpublic security authority to solve the criminal case. At the same time, some problemsalso be raised, such as the lack of legal basis, the investigation team is hard to fit thedevelopment of detection means and so on. So it become essential to strength theconstruction of anti-drug intelligence system, to complete the mechanism of detectioncooperation and the legislation of investigation, to improve the investigationpersonnel’s ability and to set up the coordination mechanism between China andinternational counterparts.
Thirdly, the internal rules of criminal prevention determine that only finding theserules and applying for these ones, can the public security authority play maximize rollin the crime prevention. Based on these rules, our country has established thecomprehensive management system of social security, took potential drug addicts anddrug dealers as the prevention objects, integrated all the power in every department inthe society, and finally set up a three-dimensional prevention and control network ineach step and each link related with drug-related crime. But in the practical work, sincethe anti-drug strategy and system is not complete, management mechanism is notsmooth, the cooperation between every related department is not effective enough, andanti-drug legislation is not perfect, all affect the control effect of the network seriously.
In the specific work plan and distribution of limited resources, authorities focus oncombating drug-related crimes while pay little attention to propagation, education andprevention of drug harm.
Based on the analysis of related theory of crime prevention, the article makesthorough analysis on the existing questions in drug-related crime prevention work inChina and gives some advices. That is the government departments should takeeffective measures to reduce the supply and demand for drug, increase capital,manpower, material resources investment, establish cooperation mechanism during lawenforcement, and accelerate the process of legalization.
Finally, In view of the distinctive and complex of drug-related crime, werecognize the methods of severe cracking down and harsh punishment to reducedrug-related crimes have little effect. The traditional pattern refers to the authoritymainly focusing on detecting criminal in order to reduce the criminal rate, whereverthis pattern cannot eliminate such crimes, because it does not touch the causes of crime,and does little in the prevention. On account of the comprehensive analysis of currentwidely accepted "zero tolerance of crime" based on broken window theory, in order toreduce and prevent drug-related crime, we draw the following conclusion:
That is to transform from the traditional thought of combating drug-related crime,Make roundly analysis on the root of drug-related crime, take comprehensive methodsincluding both combating and preventing to control the drug-related crime rate,analyses the regular patterns and characteristic based on scientific and effective data,create the same employment opportunity and the social environment for drug addictsas normal patients, increase humanistic care of drug addicts in community byuncovering the mysterious veil from drug problems, city, community and schoolfunction coordinately to cut down the causes of drug-related crime, and reduce thequantity of drug-related crimes by reducing the number of drug addicts.
Key words: drug-related crime, investigation, prevention and control, comprehensivemanagement, reduce crime
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