ѧÊõÌÃÊ×Ò³ | ÎÄÏ×ÇóÖúÂÛÎÄ·¶ÎÄ | ÂÛÎÄÌâÄ¿ | ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ× | ¿ªÌⱨ¸æ | ÂÛÎĸñʽ | ÕªÒªÌá¸Ù | ÂÛÎÄÖÂл | ÂÛÎIJéÖØ | ÂÛÎÄ´ð±ç | ÂÛÎÄ·¢±í | ÆÚ¿¯ÔÓÖ¾ | ÂÛÎÄд×÷ | ÂÛÎÄPPT
ѧÊõÌÃרҵÂÛÎÄѧϰƽ̨Äúµ±Ç°µÄλÖãºÑ§ÊõÌà > ±ÏÒµÂÛÎÄ > ÔÚְ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ > רҵ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ > Ë°Îñ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ

¹úÄÚ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÌåÖƵÄȱʧ¼°´´½¨

À´Ô´£ºÔÆÄϲƾ­´óѧ ×÷ÕߣºÀîÓ±
·¢²¼ÓÚ£º2020-06-30 ¹²7139×Ö
¡¡¡¡Õª  Òª
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Èç½ñµÄÉç»áÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÊÓÐÅÓã¬ÃûÈË͵ÌÓË°°¸¼þÒý·¢ÁËÉç»á´óÖÚµÄÈÈÒ飬һʱ¼ä×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÎÊÌâµ½ÁË·ç¿ÚÀ˼⡣ÎÒ¹úµÄÈË¿ÚÊýÁ¿ÊÀ½çµÚÒ»£¬µ«Êdz¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´¶Ô×ÔÈ»È˵ÄË°ÊÕÕ÷¹ÜûÓÐÆ𵽺ܺõÄЧ¹û£¬¶øÇÒ×ÔÈ»È˽ÉÄɵÄË°¿îռ˰ÊÕ×ÜÊÕÈëµÄ±ÈÖØÒ»Ö±½ÏµÍ£¬ÓëÈË¿ÚÊýÁ¿²»Æ¥Å䣬Õâ±³ºóµÄÔ­ÒòÒý·¢È˵Ä˼¿¼¡£ÔÚÌáµ½ÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃʱ£¬ÎÒÃǸü¶àµØ¹Ø×¢ÒÔÆóҵΪºËÐĵķ¨ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓã¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÓÐÕ˲¾¡¢·¢Æ±£¬ÄÜÈùÜÀí¹¤×÷Óм£¿ÉÑ­¡£È»¶ø×ÔÈ»È˳¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´¿¿Ë°Îñ»ú¹Ø´ú¿Û´ú½É£¬¸öË°¸Ä¸ïºó²ÅÖð²½À©´óÁË×ÔÐÐÉ걨µÄ±ÈÖØ£¬ÓÉÓÚ×ÔÈ»È˵Ä×ÔÉíÌص㣬Ôö¼ÓÁËÄÉË°ÐÅÓùÜÀí¹¤×÷µÄÄѶȡ£Æä´ÎÃæ¶ÔÎÒ¹úÖÚ¶àµÄÈË¿Ú£¬¸´ÔÓµÄÇé¿ö£¬¹ÜÀí¹¤×÷Á¿¼¶ÅÓ´ó£¬ÈçºÎÄÜÕë¶ÔÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÌصãÉè¼Æ³öÒ»Ì×ÓÐЧµÄÖƶÈÀ´½øÐйÜÀíÄÉË°ÐÅÓã¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»¸öÖµµÃ˼¿¼µÄÎÊÌ⡣ϣÍûͨ¹ýÖƶȵĹ¹½¨£¬Ìá¸ß´ó²¿·Ö×ÔÈ»È˵ÄË°ÊÕ×ñ´ÓÒâʶ£¬¼õÉÙ¹ú¼ÒµÄË°ÊÕÊÕÈëÁ÷ʧ£¬ÐγÉÁ¼ºÃµÄÉç»áÐÅÓû·¾³£¬½¡È«Õû¸öÉç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵ¡£


¹úÄÚ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÌåÖƵÄȱʧ¼°´´½¨
 
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡±¾ÎĵĻù´¡ÀíÂÛ°üÀ¨²©ÞÄÂÛ¡¢ÆõÔ¼ÀíÂÛºÍË°ÊÕ×ñ´ÓÀíÂÛ£¬Í¬Ê±»¹½âÊÍÁË×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÈË¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶÈÁ½¸ö»ù±¾¸ÅÄ×ܽá³öÓë×ÔÈ»ÈËÏà¹ØµÄÖÚ¶àË°ÖÖ£¬ÎªºóÎĵĿªÕ¹µì¶¨»ù´¡¡£È»ºó½øÐÐÏÖ×´·ÖÎö£¬ÏÈÊáÀíÁËÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄ¾ßÌå±íÏÖ£¬×ܽáȱʧµÄÔ­ÒòÓÐÄÄЩ£¬È»ºóµÃ³ö½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵıØÒªÐÔ¡£½ÓÏÂÀ´½è¼ø¹úÍâÔÚÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯¡¢ÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí£¬ÒÔ¼°¹úÍâ¸öÈËÐÅÓÃÖƶÈÈý·½ÃæµÄ¾­Ñ飬½áºÏÎÒ¹úµÄ¹úÇ飬Ìá³ö¹¹½¨ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵĻù´¡ºÍ·¾¶£¬Ê×ÏÈÒªº»Êµ»ù´¡£º½¡È«Ë°ÊÕ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ¡¢ÓÅ»¯Éç»áÐÅÓû·¾³¡¢Ìá¸ßË°Îñ»ú¹ØµÄ·þÎñˮƽºÍͳһ×ÔÈ»È˵ĹÜÀí£¬È»ºóÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄ¹¹½¨Â·¾¶ÉÏ£¬°üÀ¨ÈçºÎ»ñÈ¡×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÈçºÎÆÀ¼ÛºÍÓ¦ÓÃÐÅÓýá¹û£¬ÒÔ¼°ÈçºÎ½øÐÐÐÅÓüà¹ÜËĸö·½Ãæ¡£×îºóΪ±£ÕÏÖƶȵÄÓÐЧÔËÐУ¬Ìá³öÈý¸ö±£ÕÏ´ëÊ©£º°üÀ¨½¨Á¢ÒìÒé½â¾öºÍʧÐÅÐÞ¸´»úÖÆ£¬ÍêÉƵç×ÓÖ§¸¶¼à¹ÜÊֶΣ¬»¹Òª×¢ÖضÔÄÉË°ÈËÐÅÏ¢µÄ±£»¤¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º   ×ÔÈ»ÈË£»ÄÉË°ÐÅÓã»ÐÅÓÃÖƶȡ£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ABSTRACT  
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Today's society pays more and more attention to credit. Cases of tax evasion by celebrities have aroused heated discussion among the public. At a time, the issue of tax credit of natural persons reached the cusp. Our country has the largest population in the world, but the tax collection and management of natural persons has not played a good role for a long time, and the proportion of taxes paid by natural persons to the total tax revenue has been low, which does not match the population. Inspire people to think.¡¡When referring to tax credits, we pay more attention to the corporate tax credits of corporations,  because  they  have  books  and  invoices,  which  can  keep  track  ofmanagement work. However, natural persons have long relied on tax withholding and payment.  After  the  individual  tax  reform,  the  proportion  of  self-declaration  hasgradually  increased.  Due  to  the  characteristics  of  natural  persons,  the  tax  credit management  has  become  more  difficult.  Secondly,  in  the  face  of  China's  large population, complicated situations, and huge management workload, how to design an effective system to manage tax credit based on the characteristics of natural persons inChina is also a question worth considering. It is hoped that through the construction of the system, the awareness of tax compliance of most natural persons will be increased,the loss of tax revenue of the country will be reduced, a good social credit environment will be formed, and the entire social credit system will be improved.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡The basic theories of this article include game theory, contract theory, and tax compliance theory. At the same time, it also explains the two basic concepts of natural person taxpayers and natural person tax credit systems. It summarizes many types of taxes related to natural persons and lays the foundation for the later development. Then analyze the status quo, first sort out the specific manifestations of the lack of tax credit for natural persons in China, summarize the reasons for the lack, and then conclude the necessity  of  establishing  a  credit  system  for  taxpayers  of  natural  persons.  Next, referring  to  foreign  experience  in  tax-related  information  collection,  tax-related information  sharing,  and  foreign  personal  credit  systems,  and  combining  China's national  conditions,  the  basis  and  path  of  building  a  tax  credit  system  for  natural persons in China are proposed. The foundation must be consolidated first: sound tax laws Regulations, optimizing the social credit environment, improving the service level of tax authorities and unifying the management of natural persons, and then on the specific construction path, including how to obtain tax information of natural persons, how to evaluate and apply credit results, and how to conduct credit supervision aspect.Finally,  in  order  to  ensure  the  effective  operation  of  the  system,  three  safeguard measures are proposed: including the establishment of objection resolution and breach of  trust  repair  mechanisms,  the  improvement  of  electronic  payment  supervision methods, and the protection of taxpayer information.
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Key words:    Natural person; Tax credit; Credit system¡£
¡¡¡¡ 
¡¡¡¡Ð÷  ÂÛ
 
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»½Ú  Ñ¡ÌâµÄ±³¾°¼°Ñо¿ÒâÒå¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Ñ¡Ìâ±³¾° ¡£
¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡Ð¸öÈËËùµÃË°·¨È«Ãæʵʩºó£¬³õ²½½¨Á¢ÁË×ÛºÏÓë·ÖÀàÏà½áºÏµÄÐÂË°ÖÆ£¬Èù¤Ð½½×²ãÉÙ½»ÉõÖÁ²»½»¸öË°£¬³ýÁ˼õË°Ö®Íâ¸öË°Õ÷¹ÜģʽҲÓÐ×ÅÏÔ×ű仯£¬Ë°Îñ»ú¹ØµÄÕ÷¹Ü´ÓÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¿¿Ô´Èª¿Û½ÉÏò¿Û½ÉÓëÉ걨˫¹ÜÆëÏÂת±ä£¬¸öÈ˵Ä×ÔÐÐÉ걨ÔÚиö˰ʵʩºóÕ¼¾ÝµÄ±ÈÖØÔ½À´Ô½¸ß¡£Ëæמ­¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬¸öÈËÊÕÈëµÄÀ´Ô´Ò²Ô½À´Ô½¶àÑù»¯¡¢Òþ±Î»¯£¬ÄÉË°È˴Ӷദ»ñµÃÊÕÈ룬ÆäÖл¹°üÀ¨ºÜ¶àÒþÐÔÊÕÈ룬ͨ¹ýתÒÆ¡¢Òþ²ØµÈ·½Ê½À´ÍµÌÓË°£¬¼ÓÉÏË°Îñ»ú¹Ø¶Ô¸öÈËË°Ô´µÄ¼à¹ÜÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÏÞ£¬×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓóÉΪÁËÒ»¸öÄÑÌâ¡£¸öË°¸Ä¸ïºó£¬Ë°Îñ»ú¹Ø»¹¸ºÔðÉç±£·ÑºÍ·ÇË°ÊÕÈëµÄÕ÷¹Ü£¬»áÁ˽⵽ÄÉË°È˼ÒÍ¥¡¢»éÒö¡¢²Æ²ú¡¢½¡¿µµÈÖî¶à¸öÈËÐÅÏ¢£¬ÀûÓø߿Ƽ¼Êֶβɼ¯ÄÉË°È˵ÄÕâЩÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢£¬ÕâÊÇÒ»¸öºÃµÄ»ú»á£¬ÎªË°Îñ»ú¹Ø¹ÜÀí×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÌṩÁË»ù´¡¡£»ùÓÚÒÔÉϵÄÒòËØ£¬×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÔ½À´Ô½±»È«Éç»áËùÖØÊÓ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡³ÏÐÅÒ»Ö±ÊÇÎÒÃÇÉç»áÐûÑïµÄÖ÷Ì⣬½¨ÉèÉç»á³ÏÐÅÌåϵһֱÊÇÎÒÃǵÄÄ¿±ê¡£¹ØÓÚË°ÊÕÁìÓòµÄ³ÏÐÅ£¬ÍùÍù°Ñ´ó²¿·ÖÄ¿¹â¶¼·ÅÔÚÁËÆóÒµÄÉË°ÈËÉíÉÏ£¬ÓÉÓÚһЩԭÒò£¬¶Ô×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÑо¿½ÏÉÙ£¬µ«ÊÇÏÔ¶øÒ×¼ûÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÒ»Ö±´¦ÓÚȱʧ״̬¡£³¤ÆÚµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧ£¬Ò»·½Ã棬»áÑÏÖØÆÆ»µÉç»áµÄÐÅÓû·¾³£¬ÈÃÉç»á³ÉΪæÜÉú²»³ÏÐÅÐÐΪµÄÍÁÈÀ£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÐÅÓÃȱʧ£¬¼´×ÔÈ»È˵ÄË°ÊÕ×ñ´Ó¶ÈµÍ£¬Óë×ÔÈ»ÈËÏà¹ØµÄË°ÊÕÊÕÈëÁ÷ʧ£¬Ëðº¦Á˹ú¼ÒµÄ²ÆÕþÊÕÈë¡£Òò´Ë¹ú¼ÒÒ²Ô½À´Ô½ÖØÊÓ¶Ô×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓý¨Éè¡£2019Äê8Ô£¬¹ú¼Ò·¢Õ¹¸Ä¸ïίԱ»áºÍ¹ú¼ÒË°Îñ×ܾÖÁªºÏ·¢²¼ÁË¡¶¹ØÓÚ¼ÓÇ¿¸öÈËËùµÃË°ÄÉË°ÐÅÓý¨ÉèµÄ֪ͨ¡·£¨·¢¸Ä°ì²Æ½ð¹æ¡²2019¡³860ºÅ£©£¬¿ªÊ¼Ñо¿Öƶ¨×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓùÜÀíµÄÖƶȰ취¡£±¾ÎĹØ×¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵĹ¹½¨£¬Ï£Íûͨ¹ý·ÖÎö×ܽáÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄÏÖ×´£¬È»ºó½è¼ø¹ú¼ÊÔÚÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯¡¢Ó¦ÓÃÒÔ¼°¹ÜÀíÖƶȵȷ½ÃæµÄ¾­Ñ飬×îºóÌá³ö½¨Á¢Õû¸öÖƶȵĻù´¡ºÍ¾ßÌå·¾¶¡£±¾ÎÄÏ£ÍûÄܹ»Ìá¸ßÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃˮƽ£¬¼ÓÇ¿Ë°ÎñÁìÓòµÄ³ÏÐŽ¨É裬²»¶ÏÍêÉÆÕû¸öÉç»áµÄÐÅÓÃÌåϵ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢Ñо¿ÒâÒå ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡£¨Ò»£©ÀíÂÛÒâÒå¡£

¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡ÐγɳÏÐÅÄÉË°µÄÁ¼ºÃÉç»á·ÕΧ£¬ÍêÉÆÕû¸öÉç»áµÄÐÅÓÃÌåϵ¡£³ÏÐÅÒ»Ö±ÊÇÉç»á¾­¾Ã²»Ë¥µÄÓÀºã»°Ì⣬һ¸ö¸ß¶È·¢´ïµÄÉç»áͬʱҲÊǸ߶ȳÏÐŵÄÉç»á£¬³ÏÐŲ¹³äÁËÖƶȵÄȱÏÝ£¬Î¬³ÖÁËÕû¸öÉç»áµÄ¾­¼ÃÔËת¡£ÐÅÓÃÔÚÉç»áµÄ¸÷¸öÁìÓò¶¼±»ÒªÇóÑϸñµÄ×ñÊØ£¬ÒòΪËüÄÜά»¤Ò»¸öÉç»áÕý³£µÄÔËת¡£ÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃ×÷ΪÉç»áÐÅÓÃÖеÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬Ò²Ô½À´Ô½±»ÖØÊÓ£¬ÐèÒªÖƶ¨Ïà¹ØµÄÖƶÈÀ´±£ÕÏÄÉË°ÐÅÓᣱ¾ÎÄ°ÑÄ¿¹â¾Û½¹Éç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵÖеÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓã¬ÒòΪÄÉË°ÊÇÿһλ¹«ÃñµÄÒåÎñ£¬Ö»ÓÐÿ¸öÈ˶¼ÑϸñÂÄÐÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÒåÎñ£¬Õû¸öÉç»áµÄÐÅÓÃˮƽ²ÅÄܵõ½ÌáÉý£¬Ë°ÊÕÐÅÓÃÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ·´Ó³ÁËÕû¸öÉç»áµÄÐÅÓÃ×´¿ö¡£Ä¿Ç°£¬¹úÄÚÍâ¶ÔÓÚ·¨ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÏà¹ØÑо¿½Ï¶à£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÒÔÆóÒµÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÑо¿ÎªÖ÷£¬ÒÔ×ÔÈ»ÈËΪÑо¿¶ÔÏóÏà¶Ô½ÏÉÙ¡£¹úÍâÔÚÐÅÓý¨Éè·½ÃæÓÐһЩֵµÃ½è¼øµÄµØ·½£¬Ê×ÏÈÈ«Éç»á¶¼ÖØÊÓÐÅÓã¬ÐÅÓÃÉæ¼°ÁËÉú»îµÄ·½·½ÃæÃæ¡£ÔÚ¹úÍâÄÉË°ÐÅÓþ­Ñé½è¼øÉÏ£¬Ö÷Òª·ÖÎöÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯¡¢ÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢¹²ÏíÒÔ¼°¹úÍâµÄÐÅÓùÜÀíÖƶÈÈý·½Ã棬ÓÉ´Ë×ܽá³öÖµµÃÎÒ¹ú½è¼øµÄµØ·½¡£¹¹½¨×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȣ¬¸ÄÉÆÄ¿Ç°µÄÕûÌåÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃ×´¿ö£¬ÈÃÿһ¸öÄÉË°ÈËÑø³É³ÏÐÅÒâʶ£¬°´Õչ涨ÂÄÐÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÄÉË°ÒåÎñ£¬Îª¾­¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹¹±Ï××Ô¼ºµÄÒ»·ÝÁ¦Á¿¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡£¨¶þ£©ÏÖʵÒâÒå¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÌáÉý¹«Ãñ×Ô¾õÄÉË°Òâʶ¡£ÓÉÓÚÎÒ¹úÄ¿Ç°»¹Ã»Óн¨Á¢ÆÕ±éµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȣ¬´ó²¿·ÖÈ˶ÔË°ÊÕ»¹Á˽ⲻ¹»£¬ÄÜ×öµ½Ö÷¶¯ÄÉË°µÄÈËռС²¿·Ö¡£½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȣ¬ÄÜÒýÆð´ó¶àÊý¹«ÃñµÄ×¢Ò⣬ÒòΪÕâ¹Øϵµ½Ã¿¸öÈË×Ô¼ºµÄÇÐÉíÀûÒ棬¾Í»áÔ½À´Ô½ÖØÊÓÄÉË°ÐÅÓ㬾öø¾ÃÖ®ÄÉË°ÐÅÓþͻáÔÚ×ÔÈ»ÈËÖ®¼äÐγÉÒ»ÖÖÎÞÐεÄÔ¼ÊøÁ¦¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Æä´Î£¬ÓÐÀûÓÚ·ÀÖ¹Óë×ÔÈ»ÈËÏà¹ØµÄË°ÊÕÁ÷ʧ£¬±£Ö¤¹ú¼ÒµÄ²ÆÕþÊÕÈë¡£Ò»Ö±ÒÔÀ´¸öÈËËùµÃË°µÄÕ÷¹ÜЧÂʲ»¸ß£¬¸öÈËËùµÃË°Ë°ÊÕÊÕÈëÓëÎÒ¹ú»ùÊýÅÓ´óµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉ˰ȺÌ岻ƥÅ䣬¸öÈËËùµÃË°¶ÔË°ÊÕÊÕÈëµÄ¹±Ï×ÄÜÁ¦Ã»ÓÐÌåÏÖ³öÀ´¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪһֱÒÔÀ´ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧ£¬×ÔÈ»ÈËÕûÌåµÄË°ÊÕ×ñ´Ó¶È²»¸ß¡£½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶÈÄÜÒý·¢ÄÉË°È˶ÔÄÉË°ÐÅÓõÄÖØÊÓ£¬Ìá¸ßÄÉË°Òâʶ£¬Ôö¼ÓÓë¸öÈËÏà¹ØµÄË°ÊÕÊÕÈë¡£¶øÇÒ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵĽ¨Á¢ÄÜΪ˰Îñ»ú¹Ø¼õÉÙÕ÷¹Ü³É±¾£¬ÓÃͬÑùµÄ¼à¹Ü³É±¾»ñµÃ¸ü¸ßµÄÊÕÒ棬´Ó¶ø±£ÕÏÁËË°ÊÕÊÕÈë¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡×îºó£¬»¹ÓÐÀûÓÚ¸ÄÉÆÉç»áÐÅÓû·¾³£¬ÍêÉÆÉç»áÕûÌåÐÅÓÃÌåϵ¡£×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÊôÓÚË°ÊÕÐÅÓÃÁìÓò£¬Ë°ÊÕÐÅÓÃͬʱҲÊÇÉç»áÐÅÓõÄÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö¡£Èç¹ûÐÅÓÃÊÇÒ»¸öÈËÃûƬ£¬ÄÉË°ÐÅÓþÍÊÇÃûƬÉϵĹؼü²¿·Ö¡£¸öÈ˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃˮƽÌá¸ß£¬Ôò¸öÈ˵ÄÕûÌåÐÅÓÃÌá¸ß£¬Èç¹ûÿ¸öÈ˵ÄÐÅÓö¼Ìá¸ß£¬Éç»áµÄÐÅÓþͻáÌá¸ß£¬ÓªÔì³ÏÐŵÄÉç»á·ÕΧ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ½Ú  ÎÄÏ××ÛÊö¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢¹úÍâÎÄÏ××ÛÊö ¡£

¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹ØÓÚÄÉË°ÐÅÓõÄÓ°ÏìÒòËصÄÑо¿¡£ÃÀ¹ú¾­¼Ãѧ¼Ò¿¨¸Ê£¨1958£©ÓÃÏÖ½ðÁ÷Á¿·¨¹À¼ÆÁË͵ÌÓË°µÄ¹æÄ££¬ÔÚÑо¿×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓýǶÈÉÏÑ¡ÔñÁË´Ó͵ÌÓË°µÄÊÓ½ÇÈ¥·ÖÎöË°ÊÕ×ñ´Ó¶ÈºÍË°ÊÕÁ÷ʧÂÊ£¬×îºóµÃ³öË°ÊÕÁ÷ʧ´ó²¿·ÖÊÇÓÉÓÚ×ÔÈ»È˲»³ÏÐÅÄÉË°ÐÐΪºÍË°Îñ»ú¹ØÎÞ·¨½øÐÐÕ÷Ë°µÄµØϾ­¼ÃÊÕÈëµ¼Öµġ£¸ù¾ÝËûµÄ²âËã½á¹û£¬Ëû¹À¼ÆµÚ¶þ´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½ºó£¬¸öÈ˹ÊÒâÒþÂ÷É걨µÄË°ÊÕÁ÷ʧ¶îÔÚ23%×óÓÒ£¬²¢ÔÚ´ËÌá³öÁ˼ÓÇ¿ÄÉË°ÐÅÓõĹÜÀí1¡£AlianghamºÍSandom£¨1972£©Éè¼ÆÁËA-SÄ£ÐÍÀ´Ñо¿ÍµÌÓË°ÀíÂÛ£¬´óÁ¿³éÑùµ÷²éÁËÄÉË°È˵ÄÕæʵÊÕÈ룬ͨ¹ýÄ£Ð͵ÄÑо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬Ë°Âʸߵ͡¢Ë°Îñ»ü²éƵÂʸߵͺÍË°ÊÕ·£¿î¶àÉÙÓ°ÏìÄÉË°È˵ÄÑ¡Ôñ2¡£¸÷¸öÊÕÈë½×²ãµÄÈ˶ÔÄÉË°¾ù´æÔÚÑá¶ñÐÄÀí¡£Èç¹ûË°Îñ»ú¹Ø¶ÔÓÚ͵˰µÄ´¦·£Á¦¶È´ó£¬²¢ÇÒ¾­³£½øÐмì²é£¬¿ÉÒÔÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ´ò»÷²þâ±µÄ͵ÌÓË°ÐÐΪ¡£BayarºÍFrank£¨1987£©·ÖÎöÁËÓ°ÏìÌÓË°µÄÄÚÒòºÍÍâÒò£¬ÄÚÒò°üÀ¨ÄÉË°ÈË×ÔÉíµÄÒâʶ£¬´ÓСËùÊܵĽÌÓý£¬ÒÔ¼°ÄÉË°ÈËËù´¦µÄ½×¼¶µØ룬ÍâÒò°üÀ¨Éç»á¶ÔÄÉ˰ʧÐŵĵÀµÂÇ´Ô𣬷¨ÂɶÔʧÐŵijͷ£³Ì¶È£¬ÓëÉú»îÏà¹ØµÄÆäËûʧÐųɱ¾¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪÈç¹ûÕâЩÄÚÍâÒòËضÔÄÉË°ÈËÄܲúÉú»ý¼«´Ì¼¤£¬¾Í°ÑÄÉË°ÈËÒýµ¼ÏòÊØÐŵķ½Ïò£¬·´Ö®Èç¹ûÊÇÏû¼«´Ì¼¤£¬Ôò»áÔì³É¸ü»µµÄ½á¹û£¬»¹·¢ÏÖÁËÍⲿÓÕÒòµÄ×÷ÓÃÆÕ±é´óÓÚÄÚ²¿Çý¶¯Á¦£¬ºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÊÇÒòΪÓëÄÉË°ÈË×ÔÉíµÄÀûÒæÏà¹Ø¡£Simon James£¨1988£©±È½ÏÁ˼õÉÙ͵ÌÓË°ÐÐΪ´øÀ´µÄÉç»áÊÕÒæºÍΪÁ˼õÉÙ͵ÌÓË°¶ø¸¶³öµÄÕ÷Äɳɱ¾£¬·¢ÏÖÕâ¸ö³É±¾Æäʵ³¬¹ýÁËÊÕÒ棬Ëû½¨ÒéµÄ×ö·¨ÊÇÖƶ¨ÑϸñµÄ·¨Âɹ涨ÑϽû͵ÌÓË°£¬²ÅÄܸüºÃµØ±£ÕÏÈ«Éç»á³ÏÐÅÄÉË°¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹ØÓÚÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄÔ­Òò·ÖÎö¡£Maijorie E. Komhauser£¨2007£©´ÓÐÄÀíѧ½Ç¶ÈÑо¿ÁËÄÉË°ÐÅÓã¬ÈÏΪÄÉË°ÈË´ÓС¶ÔÓÚË°ÊÕµÄÈÏÖª¹ý³ÌDZÒÆĬ»¯Ó°ÏìÒ»¸öÈ˵ÄË°ÊÕÒâʶ£¬Õâ¸öÈÏÖªÊÜÉç»á»·¾³£¬Ô­Éú¼ÒÍ¥£¬¸öÈ˼ÛÖµ×·Çó£¬Éç»áµÀµÂ±ê×¼µÄ¹²Í¬Ó°Ïì¡£ErardºÍBrain£¨2009£©ÔòÈÏΪÒÔÏÂÕâЩÒòËØÓ°ÏìË°ÊÕ×ñ´Ó¶È£ºË°·¨µÄÍêÉƳ̶ȡ¢µØ·½Õþ¸®µÄ·ÀÖÎÁ¦¶È¡¢ÄÉË°ÈË×ÔÉíµÄÄÉË°ÄÜÁ¦£¬ÒÔ¼°ÄÉË°È˵ÄÉç»á¾­ÀúºÍ×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöµÈ£¬²¢ÔÚÕâЩ·½Ã涼·Ö±ðÌá³öÁË¿É¿¿µÄ½¨Òé¡£Valerie Braithwaite£¨2016£©µÃ³ö½áÂÛ£¬ÄÉ˰ʧÐźܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓëÄÉË°ÈËȱ·¦ÕýÈ·µÄÄÉË°Ö¸µ¼Óйأ¬Èç¹ûÄÉË°ÈËÊܽÌÓý³Ì¶È£¬Ñ§Ï°ÄÜÁ¦ÒÔ¼°Àí½âÄÜÁ¦ÓÐÏÞµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬¾Í»áµ¼ÖÂÄÉË°ÈËÎÞÒâʶµÄʧÐÅ£¬ÕâÖÖÇé¿öÊÇ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÅàѵ¸¨µ¼ÄÉ˰֪ʶµÃµ½½â¾öµÄ¡£JR Catarino£¨2016£©Ìá³öÄÉË°ÈËÌÓË°µÄÔ­ÒòÒ»²¿·ÖÊÇÈÏΪ˰·¨²»¹»¹«Æ½£¬ÔÚÄÉË°ÈËÑÛÀïË°ÊÕ¸ºµ£·ÖÅä²»¹«£¬ËûÃDz»ÄܽÓÊÜËûÃǸýÉÄɵÄË°ÊÕ£¬Òò´Ë¿ÉÒÔ´ÓË°ÊÕ¹«Æ½µÄ½Ç¶È½â¾öÄÉ˰ʧÐÅ£¬Ö»ÓÐÈÃÈ˸е½¹«Æ½£¬´ó¼Ò²ÅÐĸÊÇéÔ¸µÄ½»Ë°¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹ØÓÚÈçºÎÌá¸ßÄÉË°ÐÅÓõij̶ȡ£ÈÕ±¾Ë°·¨×¨¼Ò±±Ò°ÏÈÉú£¨2001£©Ìá³öË°ÊÕÁìÓò±ØÐëÒª¼á³ÖÐÅÓÃÔ­Ôò£¬ÏòÃñÖÚÐû´«³ÏÐÅÄÉË°£¬²¢½ß¾¡È«Á¦Îª³ÏÐÅÄÉË°¿ª±ÙͨµÀ£¬¼õÉÙÄÉ˰ʧÐÅ¡£P A Hite(2000)ÈÏΪÄÉ˰ʧÐŵĸùÔ´ÔÚÓÚÄÉË°È˱¾ÉíµÄÒâʶ£¬ËûÌá³ö¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý½ÌÓýÐû´«¸Ä±äÄÉË°È˵ÄʧÐÅÑ¡Ôñ£¬Èøü¶àµÄ¸öÈËÔÚÁ˽âÁËË°ÊÕ֪ʶºó×ÔԸѡÔñ³ÏÐÅÄÉË°¡£ÓëÖ®ÓÐÏàͬ¿´·¨µÄ»¹ÓÐRichard£¨2006£©£¬ËûÈÏΪҪ´Ó¸ù±¾ÉϸıäÄÉË°È˵ÄÏû¼«ÄÉ˰̬¶È£¬Òýµ¼ËûÃÇѧϰ˰ÊÕ֪ʶ²¢Ö𽥸ıäËûÃǵĿ´·¨£¬Òò´Ë°Ñʱ¼äºÍ¾«Á¦»¨ÔÚÌá¸ßÄÉË°È˵ÄÄÉË°Òâʶ±ÈÖƶ¨ÑϸñµÄ³Í½ä´ëÊ©¸üÄܹ»´ÙʹÄÉË°È˳ÏÐÅÄÉË°¡£Hildebrand£¨2004£©ÈÏΪ£¬ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚ´¦ÓÚÐÅÓþ­¼Ãʱ´ú£¬Ó¦¸Ã½«Ë°ÊÕÐÅÓñàÈëÏÖÓеÄË°ÊÕÖƶÈÒÔ¼°Õû¸öÉç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵµ±ÖС£Ken Devos£¨2009£©ÈÏΪҪ³ä·ÖÕ¹ÏÖË°ÊյĹ«Æ½ÐÔ£¬ÈÃÄÉË°ÈËÖªµÀËûÃÇËù½ÉÄɵÄË°¿îÓõ½ÁËÄÄЩµØ·½ºÍÆðµ½ÁËʲô×÷Óã¬ÒÔ¼°Óë×Ô¼ºËùÏíÊܵÄÄÄЩ¹«¹²¸£ÀûÏà¹Ø£¬ÕâЩ¸£ÀûÊÇ·ñÕæÕý°ïÖúÁËÄÉË°ÈË£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÔì³ÉÁËÀË·Ñ¡£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡×ÛÉÏ£¬¹úÍâÓÐÁ¼ºÃµÄÉç»áÐÅÓû·¾³×÷Ϊ֧³Å£¬ÎªÄÉË°ÐÅÓõķ¢Õ¹µì¶¨ÁËÒ»¶¨µÄ»ù´¡£¬ÔÚ¾­ÀúÁËÉç»áµÄ¿¼Ñéºó£¬Ïà¹ØÀíÂÛÒѾ­±äµÃÏà¶Ô³ÉÊìÁË¡£µ«ÊÇÕâЩÀíÂÛѧ˵ֻÄܶÔÎÒ¹úÆðµ½²¿·Ö²Î¿¼×÷Óã¬ÎÒ¹úµÄ¾ßÌåÇé¿öÒªÒòµØÖÆÒË¡£Ä¿Ç°ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»È˵ÄÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃˮƽÓë·¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÏà±ÈÓÐÒ»¶¨²î¾à£¬¶ÔÓ¦¹ÜÀí°ì·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹»¹ÔÚ³õʼ½×¶Î£¬ÒÔºó»¹»áÓг¤×ã·¢Õ¹£¬×îÖÕ»áÃþË÷³öÒ»Ì×ÊʺÏÎÒ¹ú¹úÇéµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȡ£
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¾ÓÉÓÚ±¾ÆªÎÄÕÂΪ˶ʿÂÛÎÄ£¬ÈçÐèÈ«ÎÄÇëµã»÷µ×²¿ÏÂÔØÈ«ÎÄÁ´½Ó¡¿
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¹úÄÚÎÄÏ××ÛÊö
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý½Ú  Ñо¿Ë¼Â·Óë·½·¨
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Ñо¿Ë¼Â·
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢Ñо¿·½·¨
¡¡¡¡µÚËĽڠ ±¾ÎÄÖ÷ÒªµÄ´´ÐµãÓë²»×ã
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Ö÷ÒªµÄ´´Ðµã
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢ÂÛÎIJ»×ã
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»Õ  ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵĺËÐĸÅÄîÓëÀíÂÛ»ù´¡
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»½Ú  ºËÐĸÅÄî½ç¶¨
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÈË
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢Óë×ÔÈ»ÈËÏà¹ØµÄË°ÖÖ
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ½Ú  Ïà¹ØÀíÂÛ»ù´¡
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢²©ÞÄÂÛ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢ÆõÔ¼ÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢Ë°ÊÕ×ñ´ÓÀíÂÛ
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þÕ  ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓõÄÏÖ×´·ÖÎö
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»½Ú  ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄ¾ßÌå±íÏÖ
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢ÄÉË°²»×ñ´ÓÐÄÀíÆÕ±é´æÔÚ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¸ßÊÕÈëÈËȺÌÓË°ÎÊÌâ±È½ÏÑÏÖØ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓõØλÏà¶Ô½ÏµÍ
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ½Ú  ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄÔ­Òò
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Éç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵ²»ÍêÉÆ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°È˵ÄÌصã
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢Ë°ÊÕÐû´«½ÌÓý²»µ½Î»
¡¡¡¡ËÄ¡¢È±ÉÙ¶Ô×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓõÄÌåϵ»¯¹ÜÀí
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý½Ú  ¹¹½¨×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȵıØÒªÐÔ
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢ÄÉË°ÐÅÓûù´¡ÐÔ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢·Àֹ˰ÊÕÊÕÈëÁ÷ʧ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢ÍêÉÆÉç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵ
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÈýÕ  ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓõĹú¼Ê¾­Ñé½è¼ø
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»½Ú  ¹úÍâ×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢µÇ¼ÇºÍÉ걨ÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯µÄÏà¹ØÅäÌ×ÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ½Ú  ¹úÍâ×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Ë°ÎñϵͳÄÚ²¿ÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢Ë°Îñ¾ÖÓëÆäËûÕþ¸®²¿ÃÅÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢Ë°Îñ¾ÖÓë½ðÈÚ»ú¹¹ÐÅÏ¢¹²Ïí
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý½Ú  ¹úÍâ¸öÈËÐÅÓùÜÀíÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢¸öÈËÐÅÓÃÆÀ¼ÛÌåϵ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¸öÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÓ¦ÓÃ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢¸öÈËÐÅÓÃÐÞ¸´ÖƶÈ
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚËÄÕ  ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȹ¹½¨µÄ»ù´¡¼°Â·¾¶
¡¡¡¡
¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»½Ú  ÍêÉÆÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȻù´¡
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢½¡È«Ë°ÊÕ·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¼ÓÇ¿Ë°ÊÕÐû´«½ÌÓý
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢Ìá¸ßÄÉË°·þÎñˮƽ
¡¡¡¡ËÄ¡¢Í³Ò»×ÔÈ»È˵ĹÜÀí
¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ½Ú  ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȹ¹½¨
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢»ñÈ¡»úÖÆ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÆÀ¼Û»úÖÆ
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢½¨Á¢×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÓ¦ÓûúÖÆ
¡¡¡¡ËÄ¡¢´î½¨×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓüà¹ÜÍøÂç
¡¡¡¡µÚÈý½Ú  ±£ÕÏ´ëÊ©
¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢½¨Á¢ÒìÒé½â¾öºÍʧÐÅÐÞ¸´»úÖÆ
¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢ÍêÉƵç×ÓÖ§¸¶¼à¹ÜÊÖ¶Î
¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢×¢Öر£»¤ÄÉË°È˵ÄÐÅÏ¢

¡¡¡¡½á  Óï

¡¡¡¡×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃˮƽµÄ¹ÜÀí¶ÔÎÒ¹úÓÐ×ŷdz£»ý¼«µÄÒâÒ壬Äܹ»ÌáÉýÉç»á×ÜÌåµÄÐÅÓÃˮƽ£¬´Ù½ø¾­¼ÃµÄÁ¼ºÃ·¢Õ¹¡£±¾ÎÄÖ÷ÒªÑо¿ÈçºÎ¹¹½¨ÎÒ¹úµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȣ¬Ê×ÏÈ·ÖÎöÁË×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃȱʧµÄ¾ßÌå±íÏÖÒÔ¼°È±Ê§µÄÔ­Òò£¬²¢Ìá³ö¹¹½¨ÖƶȵıØÒªÐÔ£»È»ºóÔÚÓйØ×ö·¨ºÍÖƶȷ½ÃæÊʵ±²Î¿¼¹úÍâÐÅÓ÷¢´ï¹ú¼ÒÖµµÃ½è¼øµÄµØ·½£¬°üÀ¨¹úÍâ¹ØÓÚ×ÔÈ»ÈËÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢²É¼¯¡¢¹²ÏíÒÔ¼°¸öÈËÐÅÓùÜÀíÖƶȵľ­Ñ飻×îºóÌá³öÖƶȹ¹½¨µÄ»ù´¡£¬°üÀ¨´Ó½¡È«Ë°ÊÕ·¨ÂÉ¡¢ÓÅ»¯Éç»áÐÅÓû·¾³¡¢Ìá¸ßÄÉË°·þÎñˮƽºÍͳһ×ÔÈ»È˵ĹÜÀíËĸö·½Ãæ´òºÃÖƶȹ¹½¨µÄ»ù´¡£¬È»ºóÌá³ö¾ßÌåµÄ¹¹½¨Â·¾¶£¬°üÀ¨Ëĸö²½Ö裺½¨Á¢ÉæË°ÐÅÏ¢»ñÈ¡»úÖÆ£¬ÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÆÀ¼ÛºÍÓ¦ÓûúÖÆ£¬×îºó´î½¨×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓüà¹ÜÍøÂ磻×îºóÌá³öÁËÈý¸ö±£ÕÏÖƶÈÔËÐеĴëÊ©¡£ÆÀ¼ÛÖ¸±êÔÚÉè¼ÆʱÖ÷Òª²Î¿¼ÁËÆóÒµÄÉË°ÐÅÓùÜÀí°ì·¨¡¢Õã½­Ê¡¸öÌ幤ÉÌ»§ºÍÆäËûÀàÐÍÄÉË°ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓùÜÀí°ì·¨¡£

¡¡¡¡µ±È»£¬×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȲ¢·ÇÔÚ¶Ìʱ¼äÄÚÄÜÁ¢¿Ì½¨³ÉµÄ£¬Éç»á×ÜÌåÐÅÓÃˮƽµÄÌá¸ßÒ²²¢·ÇÒ»³¯Ò»Ï¦µÄÊÂÇé¡£ÐèÒªÔÚ²»¶ÏµÄʵ¼ùÖÐ×ܽᾭÑé½Ìѵ£¬²»¶Ï¸ÄÉÆ£¬²»¶Ï½ø²½£¬ÕùÈ¡·¢Õ¹µ½ÏÖÓÐˮƽÏÂ×îºÃµÄ״̬¡£ÔÚ¾ßÌåʵʩ¹ý³ÌÖÐ˼¿¼¸÷Ïî¾Ù´ëµÄ¿ÉÐÐÐÔÒÔ¼°×îÖÕµÄЧ¹û£¬²»¶Ï·¢ÏÖÁËÎÊÌ⣬Ҳ²»¶Ï½â¾öÎÊÌ⣬×îÖÕ½¨³ÉÒ»Ì×ÐÐÖ®ÓÐЧµÄ×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȣ¬´Ù½øÉç»áÐÅÓÃˮƽµÄÌá¸ß£¬´Ó¶øÍêÉÆÕû¸öÉç»áÐÅÓÃÌåϵ¡£

¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

×÷Õßµ¥Î»£ºÔÆÄϲƾ­´óѧ
Ô­Îijö´¦£ºÀîÓ±. ÎÒ¹ú×ÔÈ»ÈËÄÉË°ÐÅÓÃÖƶȹ¹½¨Ñо¿[D].ÔÆÄϲƾ­´óѧ,2020.
Ïà¹Ø±êÇ©£º
  • ±¨¾¯Æ½Ì¨
  • ÍøÂç¼à²ì
  • ±¸°¸ÐÅÏ¢
  • ¾Ù±¨ÖÐÐÄ
  • ´«²¥ÎÄÃ÷
  • ³ÏÐÅÍøÕ¾