摘 要: 目的 探讨早孕期绒毛膜隆起的超声特点及其临床意义。方法 回顾性分析在我院行早孕期经阴道超声检查的孕妇33 691例,其中绒毛膜隆起60例,剔除失访病例,共38例纳入绒毛膜隆起组;绒毛膜下血肿2257例,随机抽取其中365例,剔除失访病例后,共220例纳入绒毛膜下血肿组;从余下正常孕妇中随机抽取365例,剔除失访病例后,共235例纳入正常早孕组;比较各组超声图像特点;追踪绒毛膜隆起和绒毛膜下血肿孕妇妊娠结局,分析绒毛膜隆起对妊娠预后的影响。结果 绒毛膜隆起表现为妊娠早期由底蜕膜面绒毛膜向妊娠囊内的局部不规则凸起,内无血流信号。38例绒毛膜隆起组中,8例胚胎停育;220例绒毛膜下血肿组中,17例胚胎停育;235例正常早孕组中,21例胚胎停育;各组胚胎停育发生率分别为21.05%、7.72%及8.93%;绒毛膜隆起组胚胎停育发生率高于绒毛膜下血肿组及正常早孕组,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.010、0.025);绒毛膜下血肿组胚胎停育发生率与正常早孕组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.641)。结论 超声对早孕期诊断绒毛膜隆起有一定的临床应用价值。早孕期绒毛膜隆起可影响胎儿发育,造成停育。
关键词: 超声检查; 绒毛膜隆起; 妊娠结局;
Abstract: Objective To investigate the ultrasonic manifestations and clinical significance of chorionic bump in first-trimester pregnancy.Methods The ultrasonographic characteristics of 33 691 patients detected by transvaginal ultrasonography in early pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed. 38 cases were included in chorionic bump group after eliminating missing cases. 220 cases were included in subchorionic hematoma group after eliminating miss cases from 365 subchorionic hematoma patients and 235 cases were included into normal group after eliminating miss cases from 365 normal patients. The ultrasonic characteristics were compared with those of subchorionic hematoma patients and normal early pregnant women.The pregnancy outcome was followed up and the effect of chorionic bump on the prognosis of pregnancy was analyzed.Results The ultrasnoic features of chorinic bump in early pregnancy was a local irregular bulge in the pregnancy sac with no signal of blood flow. Among 38 cases of chorionic bump, 8 cases of embryonic abortion were detected.Among 220 patients with subchorionic hematoma, 17 cases had embryonic abortion.Among 235 cases of normal early pregnancy, 21 cases had embryo sterilization.The incidence of embryo arrest were 21.05%, 7.72% and 8.93%, respectively.The incidence of embryo arrest in chorionic bump group was higher than that in subchorionic hematoma group and normal early pregnancy group (P=0.010, 0.025) .There was no significant difference in the incidence of embryo abortion between the subchorionic hematoma group and the normal early pregnancy group (P=0.641) .Conclusion Ultrasound has certain clinical value in the diagnosis of chorionic bump in early pregnancy.The chorionic bump has a great impact on the development of the fetus, which can cause embryo development arrest.
Keyword: Ultrasonography; Chorionic bumps; Pregnancy outcome;
绒毛膜隆起是底蜕膜面绒毛膜向妊娠囊内局部的不规则凸起,临床罕见。该征象于2006年由Harris等[1]首次提出并进行了一定的超声描述。绒毛膜隆起发生率低,其病因、病理及预后均尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨早孕期绒毛膜隆起的超声图像特征及其临床转归。
资料与方法
一、临床资料
选取2016年1月至2018年1月在我院行早孕期产前超声检查的孕妇33 691例,超声检查发现绒毛膜隆起者60例,剔除失访病例,共38例纳入绒毛膜隆起组;首次检查时间为孕妇停经35~68 d,伴或不伴阴道出血。绒毛膜下血肿患者2257例,随机抽取其中365例,剔除失访病例,共220例纳入绒毛膜下血肿组。从余下正常孕妇中随机抽取365例,剔除失访病例后,共235例纳入正常早孕组。
二、仪器与方法
1.超声检查:使用Aloka F 75和日立HI Vision Preirus彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,经阴道超声探头,频率5~9 MHz。孕妇取膀胱截石位,记录宫内孕囊、卵黄囊、胚芽及心血管搏动等情况。合并隆起时记录绒毛膜隆起的大小、数目及血供等一般情况;合并绒毛膜下血肿时测量血肿的范围并记录部位。
2.随访:追踪妊娠结局情况。妊娠结局分为胚胎存活(活胎)和胚胎停育。其中,活胎包括活产、活胎早期人工或药物流产、活胎中孕引产三种结局。比较三组间胚胎停育发生率。
三、统计学处理
应用SPSS 21.0统计软件,计数资料以例或率表示,组间比较行χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果
一、早孕期绒毛膜隆起或绒毛膜下血肿的超声图像特征
33 691例早孕期孕妇中超声共检出绒毛膜隆起60例,绒毛膜下血肿2257例,检出率分别为0.18%、6.70%。绒毛膜隆起超声表现为底蜕膜面绒毛膜向妊娠囊内局部不规则凸起,内部回声多样,以周边高回声,向中心变为低回声为主;CDFI示无血流信号,见图1。绒毛膜下血肿超声多表现为子宫壁与绒毛膜之间或在子宫内膜腔出现新月形、三角形、环形或多边形液性无回声区,多平行于妊娠囊,见图2。
图1 孕6周+时孕囊内绒毛膜隆起横切面观(星形示绒毛膜隆起),后顺产一正常新生儿
图2 孕8+周绒毛膜下血肿声像图,血肿呈新月形,平行于妊娠囊,后顺产一正常新生儿,箭头示绒毛膜下血肿
二、三组的妊娠结局
三组的妊娠结局情况见表1。三组间胚胎停育发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.884, P=0.032);绒毛膜隆起组与绒毛膜下血肿组及正常早孕组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.575、5.058, P=0.0105、0.0250)。绒毛膜隆起组胚胎停育发生率均高于绒毛膜下血肿组及正常早孕组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);绒毛膜下血肿组胚胎停育发生率与正常早孕组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.217, P=0.641)。三组中,除去胚胎停育者外,绒毛膜隆起组有1例于孕19周发现唇腭裂,后于中孕期引产;绒毛膜下血肿组有1例于孕31周发现右锁骨下动脉迷走,后顺产一活婴;正常早孕组有1例于孕13周发现颈部水囊状淋巴管瘤,1例于孕18周发现唇腭裂,后均于中孕期引产。
表1 三组的妊娠结局比较
与绒毛膜下血肿组和正常早孕期组比较, ▲P<0.05
讨论
绒毛膜隆起是早孕期罕见的一种妊娠囊异常,国外报道的发生率约为0.15~0.70%[1,2],国内报道约为0.18%[3]。本研究中早孕合并绒毛膜隆起的检出率为0.18%,与之相符。绒毛膜隆起的形成原因、病理生理及预后均尚未达成统一共识。目前流行的学说认为绒毛膜隆起代表血肿或局部出血[1],考虑为绒毛膜内部滋养层出血,因出血不能突破滋养层,故突向压力较低的孕囊侧。绒毛膜下血肿指绒毛膜板与底蜕膜分离出血,血液积聚在绒毛膜与底蜕膜之间,形成血肿。绒毛膜隆起是否为绒毛膜下血肿尚存有争议。但两者超声表现有较大的不同。绒毛膜下血肿多位于子宫壁与绒毛膜之间或在子宫内膜腔内的新月形、三角形、环形或多边形液性无回声区,多平行于妊娠囊,绒毛膜与蜕膜间通常有明显分离[4];而绒毛膜隆起则多表现为突向妊娠囊内的不规则凸起[2],内部回声多样,无特征性,典型特征为隆起的周边高回声,向中心变为低回声[5],绒毛膜与蜕膜间无分离。CDFI示绒毛膜下血肿及绒毛膜隆起均无血流信号。
绒毛膜隆起对妊娠结局的影响尚未明确。Harris等[1]研究及Sana等[2]研究显示合并绒毛膜隆起的胚胎活产率为47%及62%,流产率是普通人群的4倍和2倍。Arleo等[6]研究指出绒毛膜隆起是妊娠无活力的危险因素,但如未见其他妊娠异常,则多数胎儿可以活产。本研究中有39%~50%孕活胎的早期妊娠患者选择了人工或药物流产,故未能对三组的自然活产率进行比较,无法对患者的活产情况进行准确预测。本研究中绒毛膜隆起组早孕期胚胎停育发生率高于绒毛膜下血肿组及正常早孕组,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=6.575、5.058, P=0.0105、0.0250),说明绒毛膜隆起可能与早期不良妊娠结局有一定关系。
目前尚无证据证实早孕伴绒毛膜隆起可合并或致胎儿畸形。既往虽有文献[5,7]报道早孕伴绒毛膜隆起患者中有胎儿为18-三体综合征胎儿或合并无脑畸形胎儿,但均非大样本,结果的客观性有待考证。本研究中三组均有胎儿畸形出现,因样本量少,也无法推断绒毛膜隆起与胎儿畸形的关系。
总之,超声对早孕期诊断绒毛膜隆起有一定的临床应用价值。孕期绒毛膜隆起发生率极低,可影响胎儿的发育,造成停育。因此,对早孕期绒毛膜隆起孕妇应密切随访以观察绒毛膜隆起的变化及胚胎生长发育情况。
参考文献
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