摘 要
世界文化多元性是一种客观现象，随着改革开放和经济全球化进程加快，中美两国交往日益密切，“美国梦”和“中国梦”是此过程中矛盾的统一体，“中国梦”强调国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福，而“美国梦”强调民主、平等、自由。二者既有区别又有联系，不同的文化传统和政治结构造成了不同的生存状态和实现方式，却都是要通过个人努力实现自身梦想，最终实现国家梦想。本论文以美国电影《了不起的盖茨比》和中国电影《中国合伙人》为典型案例，对比分析“美国梦”和“中国梦”的异同及其背后的原因。研究表明，“美国梦”和“中国梦”在历史背景的特色、发展过程中带来的影响以及对文化多样性的破坏等方面具有相似性，而在指导思想、文化背景、追求和实现方式等方面具有较大的差异。对“美国梦”和“中国梦”的研究，有利于加深中美双方对文化多元性的了解，促进中美双方更好的交流合作与全面发展，同时有助于引导当代大学生追求梦想要从社会趋势、时代背景、自身实际出发，对其改变价值观、励志成长、实现梦想具有重要的时代意义。
关键词：文化多元性；美国梦；中国梦
A Comparative Study on American Dream and Chinese Dream in Cultural Diversity
ABSTRACT
It is well acknowledged that cultural diversity is an objective phenomenon, with China'sreform and opening up and accelerated process of economic globalization, interactivecommunication between China and America has became commonplace. American Dream andChinese Dream is a contradictory unity, in which Chinese Dream emphasizes national property,national rejuvenation and people's happiness, while American Dream lays stress on democracy,equality and freedom. The two parties are different but related, different cultural traditions andpolitical structures contribute to different living conditions and implementations, however, theyall need to realize their own dreams through personal efforts, and ultimately the national dreams.
Typically, taking American movie The Great Gatsby and the Chinese film American Dreams inChina as example, this thesis is to compare both similarities and differences in American Dreamand Chinese Dream, and then reasons behind them are to be explored. The two dreams havemuch in common--features of the two countries from the historical background, combined effortsof the development process, destruction of cultural diversity and so on. Meanwhile, obviousdifferences can be seen in such aspects as guidance theories, cultural backgrounds and ways ofpursuit and implementation. The study on American Dream and Chinese Dream is conducive todeepen better understanding of culture diversity and promoting better communication andcollaboration between America and China. In so doing, the leading role is played forcontemporary college students' inspirational growth and fulfillment of dreams, which should bebased on social trends, historical background and one's own reality.
Key words：Cultural Diversity; American Dream; Chinese Dream
TABLE OF CONTENTS
摘 要
ABSTRACT
Chapter One Introduction
Chapter Two A General Study on American Dream and ChineseDream in Cultural Diversity
2.1 Cultural diversity
2.2 The Great Gatsby and American Dreams in China
2.3 American Dream and Chinese Dream
Chapter Three Similarities of American Dream and ChineseDream
3.1 Features on historical backgrounds
3.1.1 Geographical environment
3.1.2 Awareness of changing times
3.2 Influences on development process
3.2.1 Effects on other nations
3.2.2 Effects on people's mentality
Chapter Four Differences of American Dream and ChineseDream
4.1 Cultural backgrounds
4.1.1 Capitalism and socialism
4.1.2 Individualism and collectivism
4.2 Implementation ways
4.2.1 Predatory expansion and peaceful rise
4.2.2 Individual effort and concerted effort
4.3 Future prospects
4.3.1 Social conflicts and national unity
4.3.2 Personal development and mutual development
Chapter Five Conclusion
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter One Introduction
With the acceleration of globalization and the strong momentum of economic integration,the world is becoming smaller and our life is more diverse, China also has obtained greateconomic and cultural achievements since its reform and opening up in 1978. In 2012, presidentXi put forward Chinese Dream and it is the spiritual banner of Chinese, which makes peoplenaturally recall American Dream coming into being in 1931. American Dream and ChineseDream is a contradictory unity, both parties are different but related. Meanwhile, interactivecommunication and cultural exchanges between countries are being gradually strengthened,which calls for people to expand understanding of cultural diversity and to reexamine some falseassumptions. Only under this circumstance, can exchanges and cooperation be promoted at adeeper stage, and hence a comprehensive as well as harmonious relationship will be establishedbetween the two countries.
Nothing in the world can free from cultural diversity in that it is the keystone and mediumin diplomatic events. Nowadays, there tend to be a sharp increase in cultural communicationbetween China and United States, in which American Dream and Chinese Dream are given toppriority. Chinese culture integrates into American culture and some classic American moviesalso fully display its elements into Chinese films. Typically, The Great Gatsby and AmericanDreams in China speak loudly for the phenomenon discussed above. By comparing the twomovies, it's evident that pursuing dreams should be based on social trends, historical backgroundand one's own reality.
As one of the best American novels of the 20th century, The Great Gatsby was published in1925; illustrating the story of Gatsby who pursues his own American Dream by defines Daisy ashis approach and finally suffers from disillusionment. Afterwards, James Tel Slobodan Adamspublished American Epic in 1931(James, 1931), the term American Dream had been alreadyfixed. Later, Huang Yanfang (2010) lists angles of The Great Gatsby from three aspects:
studying its narrative technique and style from narrative point of view, researching Gatsby'simage and the text of symbolism from the perspective of social history, studying its theme andsignificance from the view of science ideology. Then, Chen Chao (2014) points out the reasonwhy Gatsby's American Dream fails, and discloses that people should draw lessons from theexample of Gatsby in a gesture to guide the present life. Xi Jingping puts forwards that toachieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is to focus on Chinese Dream. Recently,Meng Dongfang (2013) emphasizes and infuses the essence, structure and optimization ofChinese Dream. However, the former studies of American Dream and Chinese Dream arerelatively simple or too general, what they mainly focus either on the aspect in definition or onthe aspect in connotations, whose analysis is to narrate the similarities or differences ofAmerican Dream and Chinese Dream. Namely, they neglect the comprehensive relationsbetween the two parties.
This thesis is to compare American Dream and Chinese Dream in cultural diversity and toexplore reasons behind. It is of vital importance to combine similarities and differences togetherin that these will significantly change values of contemporary college students in terms ofinspirational growth and fulfillment of dreams, it is also conducive to deepen the understandingof cultural diversity, therefore, better exchanges and cooperation will be promoted, and hence acomprehensive as well as harmonious relationship between two countries.
This thesis involves five chapters. Chapter One is the introduction. Chapter Two is about ageneral study on cultural diversity, American Dream and Chinese Dream. In addition, there is ageneral idea of two movies The Great Gatsby and American Dreams in China. Chapter Threeexplores similarities of American Dream and “Chinese Dream, about features on historicalbackgrounds and influences on development process. Chapter Four particularizing differences ofAmerican Dream and Chinese Dream, it can be listed as follows: cultural backgrounds,implementation ways and future prospects. Chapter Five manifests the findings of the study, theimportance of cultural diversity and some feasible suggestions on how to establish and promoteharmonious relationship between foreign countries.
Chapter Two A General Study on American Dream and Chinese Dream in Cultural Diversity
Nowadays, people from all walks of life, ranging from the worker to the lawyer, all havetheir own attitudes towards American Dream and Chinese Dream. Some argued that AmericanDream and Chinese Dream are totally different, some claimed that American Dream will still ina predominant position over a long period of time, some even held that Chinese Dream stemsfrom American Dream. Absolutely, it is an unbalanced view. Firstly, the two terms should bereread from cultural perspective in terms of content and development.
2.1 Cultural diversity
For The formation and development of the world cultural diversity is a natural historicalprocess. Between different countries and regions, cross-cultural exchanges and human naturecreated a common practice of the world's cultural diversity. It is the richness of a country orregion's cultural traditions, it is defined as a variety of groups and societies who find expressionin many different forms of their culture. Moreover, cultural diversity is in favor of human cultureto obtain vitality, contributing to sustainable development of human society. Meanwhile, it alsoreflects the respect for human rights and protection. However, the world's cultural diversity facesvarious difficulties and challenges through different periods. Under the circumstances ofglobalization, this dilemma is even more complex and challenging, and obviously it is moredifficult and urgent to protect the world's cultural diversity.
Cultural diversity is a basic feature of human society, a vibrant performance for thecivilized world and an important driving force of human civilization process. In the process ofglobalization, a nation must maintain its own cultural characteristics and protect its culturalsovereignty that based on its specific national conditions. What's more, in general globalexchanges, different cultures should respect each other, have mutual tolerance, strengthenmultilateral communication, insist on cultural hegemony, maintain proper tension, carry outsincere and pragmatic cooperation, thus a peaceful and harmonious world can be built.
2.2 The Great Gatsby and American Dreams in China
The Great Gatsby is a monumental work of modern American and Fitzgerald's famousnovel. Fitzgerald is considered to be one of the most influential American writers of thetwentieth century. This novel describing the story of humble Gatsby who wants to pursue ayoung rich girl called Daisy and accumulates wealth at all costs in a pathetic tone, but finallyended in failure. Gatsby's dream is not the true American Dream, but the distorted one; hisseparated himself from reality, and even contrary to reality, which is the essential differencebetween his dream and the American Dream. The Great Gatsby was firstly published in 1925 inthe United States and was made into a movie in 2013, in which the main characters were Gatsby,Daisy and Nick. Poor staff Nick broke into the monopoly Gatsby's secretive world, his neighborwas the luxury Gatsby mansion; the palaces opposite Nick were Tom and Daisy couples. Daisywas the distant cousin of Nick and the former lover of Gatsby. Tom was Nick's collegeclassmates. Tom's family was very rich, but his temper was violent and domineering, he hadanother mistress, so Daisy was not happy. Every night, Gatsby held a grand banquet with avariety of wines and food shipped to entertain friends from all walks of life. Besides, Gatsbywants to attract Daisy's attention and restore their lost love, so he invites Nick to arrange a meetwith Daisy. Daisy was indulged in money, later, she drove Gatsby's car and killed Tom'smistress, the woman's husband took it for grand that it was Gatsby's fault and he killed Gatsbyin the end. On the surface, it is just a love tragedy in the society, but in fact, when readers furtherthe content of the novel, they can appreciate the changes occurred in all aspects of Americansociety. The Great Gatsby symbolizes the ridicule and pathos below American Dream legend.
Chinese Dream is a common topic in recent years to explore Chinese society, many Chineseliterary works also consider it as the core theme and explore its value and significance, AmericanDreams in China is one of the best examples, it was released in 2013. Huang Xiaoming, Dengchao and Tong Dawei starred in it, which illustrates the story of three young men from 1980s to21st century. They met together with the same dream, working together and finally became co-founder of English language training schools. American Dreams in China concentrates thegrowth of entrepreneurs with a certain sense of the times. By analyzing the two film's roles andplots that talked above, it can easily conclude the similarities between American Dream andChinese Dream.
2.3 American Dream and Chinese Dream
American Dream, as core values in American society, is the pursuit of democracy, freedomand equality. From the ultimate goal, American Dream is trying to gain wealth and successthrough personal effort and increasing wealth of statehood (Zhong, 2003). Entering 21st century,African-American president Obama has once again demonstrated its growth experience that arefull of unique charm and powerful force. American Dream shows respect for individual valueand put emphasis on social justice, it's quite worthwhile to learn the firm ideas and beliefs(David S, 2015:277-295).
From the historical origins, Chinese dream originated in China with a long history andprofound traditional culture, ranging from Lao Tzu's dream of doing nothing, Confucius ”GreatDream“ to the founding of ”Rejuvenating Dream“, then to the dream of national revival, thereproduction of the tortuous history of the development of China. From the content point of view,collectivism is the core value of Chinese Dream, what Chinese Dream pursues is mutualdevelopment and world harmony, which contains the subject and object of all human beings.
From the ultimate goal, Chinese Dream is to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation,the prosperity of the country and the happiness of people. All of these being experienced, wemust unswervingly adhere to reform and innovation in order to surpass the past.
Chapter Three Similarities of American Dream andChinese Dream
Through history, American Dream resonates with Chinese Dream in various aspects,including preferential policies and awareness of changing times; both parties are socialmainstream values. In this case, to take The Great Gatsby and American Dreams in China astypical examples, by analyzing the two film's roles and plots, it can easily conclude thesimilarities between American Dream and Chinese Dream.
3.1 Features on historical backgrounds
3.1.1 Geographical environment
The United States is a nation of immigrants, from the mid-17th century, it wasaccompanied by large population movements, European culture became widespread in theUnited States, on the whole, American culture is a culture of immigrants, it is the product andintegration of European culture and native American culture, European culture is essentiallygrounded in the ancient Greek civilization, influenced by the geographical environment, theEuropean countries is not suitable for farming, they mainly around overseas trade. (Kerber, 1992)At the same time, the basis of Chinese culture is the dream of the Chinese nation with a longhistory of agricultural civilization. China's natural conditions are more suitable for thedevelopment of agricultural economy, the biggest characteristic of this type of economy isunable to withstand natural disasters, and therefore, it must rely on family or neighbors. In thisway, American Dream and Chinese Dream are both deeply influenced by geographicalenvironment.
3.1.2 Awareness of changing times
Since Colombia discovered the New World, the American Dream has always beenconsidered as a very attractive American myth, dreams are part of the unconsciousness, and thepursuit of dreams is the psychological needs of human instinct. To get rid of the shackles ofBritish religion, reverent Puritans immigrated to the United States on this land, with frugal andhard-working attitude and self-discipline of perseverance, they soon get a lot of material wealth,creating miracles of human history one afteranother. The early pioneers were also self-improvement, later, such as Franklin scratch, throughunremitting efforts to achieve the dream, people are increasingly aware of the important guidingrole of the American Dream in daily life.
After being refused, after being dismissed by school, Cheng Dongqing, the founder of atraining course, looking forward to people with lofty ideals to join, Meng Xiaojun put down hisAmerican Dream and decided to return home, after Lucy broke up with Wang Yang, a cleanbreak with his American Dream arises. Aware of the importance of the changing times, theChinese Dream, three men struggle together to lead the education sector and contribute to itsfinal listing.
3.2 Influences on development process
3.2.1 Effects on other nations
The American Dream has always been a global concern. In 1931, when James TruslowAdams first introduced the ”American Dream“ concept, he praise that ”American Dream, luringtens of thousands of people in various countries in the past century came across the ocean.“Suppress potential regional power is the United States' trick. Iraq, Iran's experience is typicalproof. Crush any possible strong currency is the other only way that the United States operates.
The euro is the best description of this situation. In East Asia, the United States was engaged in”inciting the masses to struggle.“ (Bartlett, Steele, 2013). Overall, doing everything possible tobecome successful and making other nations become vulnerable. Accordingly, over the past 10years, China has set up 475 Confucius Institutes and 851 Confucius classrooms in 126 countriesand regions. In Yemen crisis, not only does China sent warships to withdraw their citizensquickly, but also saved the country's nearly 300 trapped people from 15 countries. After theearthquake in Nepal, the first team to reach the affected areas of international heavy rescue teamfrom China. After the Ebola outbreak, China sent to Africa batches of medical teams. ”Chinesepeople come over to cure our deadly diseases, is our true brothers and friends.“ Celestine Kingsaid, a Ebola patient in Liberia who was treated and healed by the Chinese military medical team.
From what have been talked above, it can naturally conclude that both American Dream andChinese Dream exert profound influence in other nations.
3.2.2 Effects on people's mentality
Gatsby's ways of pursuing dream is the process through rapid accumulation of a largenumber of criminal activities, including the lack of conscience and devoid of morality. In theprocess of struggle, there are two people played a key role on his success. One is Dan Cody, hewas a gray-haired, old man who wears fancy dress, a ruthless face, empty inner, was typicallyindulged in wine and women pioneers. These people brought the frontier brothel and tavern backto the eastern coastal region at some stage of American life. The other is Wolf Sam, he bought aChicago local street pharmacy with Gatsby, where sells liquor. Besides, visibly, this processlurks many dangerous underworld, his struggles environment makes him lost the original ethics.
In the road leading to wealth, he betrayed himself, American Dream evolved to the point wherenot only lost its original positive meaning, but also extremely harmful. What's more, Gatsby'sparents are humble farmer, ”In his heart, he never really acknowledged that they are his parents“.
(Fitzgerald, 2003) In order to squeeze into high society, he changed his name to Jay Gatsby,which is considered to be son of the God, these series of actions amply demonstrated that drivenby interests; he abandoned the basic norms of life. (Parvin, 2009: 117)American Dreams in China is an inspirational movie, and thus makes the elementscontained in the film is broader, themes of love, friendship, career, is what the story want toexpress. Plots are clear, from the 1980s on campus to the 1990s in society, how the three youngmen realize their dreams with exciting spiritual connotations. The film tells the efforts and hardwork of the spirit of the young generations, these are basic conditions to realize the dream andshould be equipped with (Cheng, Zhang, 2013). Huang Xiaoming in the film plays a role calledCheng Dongqing, a very rustic person, since college entrance examination reopening in 1977, hehas participated for times. Finally he was out of the countryside, but still has an uncouthcharacteristic, a thick eye glasses, he appeared to be weak. A visa Repeatedly been denied is thebiggest fight of his life experience, and therefore his abroad girlfriend separate with him, as wellas seeing the two friends his life fall into the trough again. Deng Chao played Meng Xiaojun isreturnees, well-born, but in reality, he went abroad just like hard workers, there tend to be a lotof unknown sad. The role that Tong Dawei played was called Wang Yang, a representative ofcontemporary cynical, unscrupulous squandered youth. The characteristics of the three men aretotally different, one strives for the money, one spares no efforts for the living, and another isaimed to change himself. In this era with Chinese spiritual dream, only to struggle in the face ofadversity, can people achieve the ultimate dream of China with Chinese characteristics.
Chapter Four Differences of American Dream andChinese Dream
Now that there are similarities between American Dream and Chinese Dream, differencesare also an inescapable and unavoidable part of cross-cultural communication, it is essential tosearch for what on earth gives rise to several differences. Chinese Dream the American Dreamand are the values and ideals with its own characteristics in their historical development processof the formation. Although the two countries have many different political systems, economicdevelopment, historical and cultural aspects, which have resulted in very different connotation ofthe American Dream and the dream of China, the purpose of implementation, etc. So we canlearn from positive factors in American Dream in a gesture to better implement China dream.
4.1 Cultural backgrounds
4.1.1 Capitalism and socialism
State is the common ideal of people; it will necessarily reflect the common dream ofPeople's Republic of China and serve the country. Over the masses is the state power of theproletarian revolution under the leadership of the Communist Party of China that established, thepolitical nature of the State necessarily reflect the political will of the proletariat, and theproletariat is the vast majority of our people, occupying a dominant force in society. Thus, thedream of the proletariat into the mainstream Chinese values is a concrete manifestation of theChinese Dream. Chinese put much emphasis on socialism, while the United States is seen by anemerging country is only 200 years, the vast majority of the people came to this New Worldimmigrants from all over the world, although they have different national background, religion,language, culture and external characteristics, but they have a common immigration purposes, isto find a full equality, freedom, democratic society, and I believe in the United States through theunremitting struggle and indefatigable efforts, this society can get a better life. Regardless of theearliest Mayflower passengers or recent immigrants, they came to the emerging countries withthe ”American Dream“. Therefore, they are more respectful for capitalism.
4.1.2 Individualism and collectivism
Dream's background are values, different values determine different colors of the dream.
The formation of the American Dream as well as the United States attributes much to animmigration culture. American Dream puts personal values and personal struggle into supremacy,which often makes the American reality, turning self-reliance into selfishness, independence intolawless, ambition into greed and desire at all costs. Individuals in American society is morehighly regarded than any other country in the world, so popular as individualism in the UnitedStates, personal poverty will firstly be seen as the individual's own responsibility. In socialistChina, the cornerstone value of the Chinese Dream is collectivism. Chinese Dream generatedfrom the beginning, is the dream of a nation, the collective dream of all Chinese people, so itneeds to implement the joint efforts of everyone, but the collective realization of dream does notmean neglect or even deprive individual dreams. After the reform and opening up, as China'seconomy develops by leaps and bounds, each destiny of Chinese person has undergonetremendous changes, it also proves that Chinese Dream's advantages and vitality, but alsodemonstrates the difference between the American Dream and the Chinese Dream in culturalbackground.
4.2 Implementation ways
4.2.1 Predatory expansion and peaceful rise
Ways to achieve the American Dream is to some extent through so-called globalization,whose essence is external expansion, plunder and aggression. Waging from 1898 Spanish-American War, the United States began to expand outside of the North American continent forthe first time and thereby occupied the Philippines. In 21 century, in order to transfer theenormous pressure of economic recession, American launched flagrant invasion of Iraq,Yugoslavia, Libya, while China realize Chinese Dream by China's peaceful rise, by the wholeParty and people's together work and unremitting efforts.
4.2.2 Individual effort and concerted effort
In The Great Gatsby, in the Jazz Age lives, capitalist development has entered the stage ofimperialism, American Westward Movement has become increasingly competitive in the past, aperson's social status is basically determined by wealth of his family background not only by hispersonal efforts alone, it's almost impossible to become upstarts from the bottom of societyclimb into the high society. (Michelle, 2012) Born in a poor peasant family, Gatsby started fromscratch; he wanted to match Miss Daisy who was in high society. Obviously, through legalmeans to achieve the purpose is almost impossible because his predecessors had not left him richaccumulation of wealth.
In American Dreams in China, the first half of the film is shattered dreams of the three men,since Meng Xiaojun returned and reunited, it is the rise of Chinese Dream of them, three brothersjointly open up a new training school, eventually the company went to the US market after manydifficulties, they regained a successful career, the lost dignity, the common efforts contribute tothe achievements of their personal dreams, collective dreams and national dreams (Li, 2014).
4.3 Future prospects
4.3.1 Social conflicts and national unity
US supreme mortgage crisis was triggered by the global financial crisis, which evolved intoa sharp social conflicts, such as 99% of people protest 1% of the greed and corruption duringWall Street campaign, 50 states, nearly 67 million people signed the consent form collectivefighting for independence, these questions make the American Dream pale, lost, becomesillusory. Looking at China, the economy in the past 30 years has maintained a much higher ratethan other countries of the world, growth rate has always been in a rapid rise, profoundtransformation, the constant development momentum, in other words, and Chinese Dreamopened up a better brighter future to explore the diversity of human civilization developmentpath (Qin, 2013).
4.3.2 Personal development and mutual development
American ideology take personal interests, individual freedom as the center of the AmericanDream and only emphasizes strong unipolar world, stress for their own national interests at theexpense of sacrificing the interests of other countries and even the whole world. (Harrod, 2010)What China pursues is promoting common development, construction harmonious world. Notonly does this grand dream belong to China, but also it belongs to the whole world. Chinarequires the world; accordingly, the world needs China and Chinese Dream. So far, history hasvividly shown that the basic realization form of the rise of the Western powers are by colonialexpansion and plunder, while the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation advocates humandestiny and common development, combining Chinese people's interests with people all over theworld, taking a more positive attitude to participate in international affairs.
Chapter Five Conclusion
This thesis compares the similarities and difference between American Dream and ChineseDream in cultural diversity. Obviously, American Dream resonates with Chinese Dream in someways, including preferential policies, awareness of changing times, influences on developmentprocess, and damages on Cultural Diversity. However, differences should be highlighted in agesture to initiate the realization of Chinese Dream. Dreams will never turn into realityautomatically, we need to bear in mind that empty talk will destroy the country; only hard workcan make it prosperous. Colorful blueprint requires a pen to sketch, beautiful dream needs toachieve step by step.
Although the United States and China Dream has different fundamentals, we can make useof some of the positive factors in American Dream to promote and realize the Chinese Dream.
Firstly, we must respect individual's dreams and aspirations, covers ethnic dreams and personaldreams, the dream of every person canNot be simply replaced with Chinese Dream, show respect for the individual and the pursuitof dreams. Secondly, we must and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere totheoretical system and social system, to go our own way, in order to eradicate poverty andimprove people's livelihood and achieve common prosperity as soon as possible, so as to realizethe Chinese Dream.
Dream is in the near future, but road is at the foot of everyone. As long as we adhere to thesocialist road with Chinese characteristics, vigorously carry forward the spirit of China,continuously gather strength, China is bound to realize the dream.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To complete this paper has been a really strict testing, a rewarding trying. The successfulcompletion can be owed to people around me who have given me precious help and they can belisted as the following:
Firstly, I would like to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Li, for his patientguidance, valuable suggestions, constant encouragement and considerable support, whichenables me to finish the paper at the best ability of me.
Secondly, I want to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents, especially for mymother. She spares no efforts to look after me during the period of completing my paper andencourage me to overcome the hardship.
Finally, thanks to my fellow friends and classmates for their friendly comments andenormous inspiration. Without their timely help, this paper would not have been finishedsmoothly.
