¡¡¡¡Õª Òª£º¡¡Î¢ËÜÁÏ×÷ΪһÀàÐÂÐ˵ÄÎÛȾÎïÒѱ鲼ȫÊÀ½ç·¶Î§Äڵĸ÷¸ö½ÇÂ䣬µ«Ä¿Ç°¶Ô΢ËÜÁϵÄÑо¿¶à¼¯ÖÐÓÚº£ÑóÁìÓò£¬¶ÔÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵÄÑо¿Éд¦ÓÚÆð²½½×¶Î¡£×ÛÊö¹úÄÚÍⲻͬµØÇøÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵķá¶È£¬×ܽáÁË΢ËÜÁϵÄÀ´Ô´£¬·ÖÎöÁËÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵÄΣº¦£¬²¢Ìá³öһЩ·ÀÖÎÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ´ëÊ©£¬×îºóÕ¹ÍûÁËÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵÄδÀ´Ñо¿·½Ïò¡£
¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º¡¡ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ; À´Ô´; Σº¦; ·ÀÖδëÊ©;
¡¡¡¡Abstract£º¡¡As a new kind of pollutants, microplastics, have been found all over the world. However, the research of microplastics is mostly concentrated in the ocean, and research of soil microplastics is still in its infancy. The abundance of soil microplastics in different areas at home and abroad was summarized, the sources of soil microplastics were induced, the harmfulness of soil microplastics was analyzed, and some preventive measures for soil microplastics were put forward, finally,the future research directions of soil microplastics were prospected.
¡¡¡¡Keyword£º¡¡Soil microplastics; Source; Harm; Control measures;
¡¡¡¡0 ¡¢ÒýÑÔ
¡¡¡¡Î¢ËÜÁÏͨ³£ÊÇÖ¸Á£¾¶<5 mmµÄËÜÁÏË鯬»ò΢Á££¬°üÀ¨Éú²ú¹ý³ÌÖ±½ÓÖÆ³ÉµÄ΢Ã×¼¶³õÉú΢ËÜÁÏ£¨Èç·Àɹ˪¡¢Ï´ÃæÄÌ¡¢Ö¸¼×Óͼ°ÑÀ¸àµÈ¸öÈË»¤ÀíÓÃÆ·ÖеÄËÜÁÏ΢Ö飩ºÍ´ó¿éËÜÁÏÔÚ³¤ÆÚ×ÏÍâÏßÕÕÉä¡¢·ç»¯¡¢ÎïÀíÄ¥Ëð¡¢ÉúÎï×÷ÓõÈÍâ½ç×÷ÓÃÏÂÀÏ»¯²úÉúµÄ´ÎÉú΢ËÜÁÏ[1]¡£³ÇÊн¨Éè¡¢¹¤Å©ÒµÉú²úºÍÈËÀàÉú»î¾ù¶Ô΢ËÜÁϵÄ×îÖÕ²úÉúÓÐÖØÒª¹±Ïס£¹¤ÒµºÏ³É²ÄÁϵĴòÄ¥£¬Å©ÒµµØÄ¤½µ½â£¬Æû³µÂÖ̥ĥËð£¬Éú»îÖÐʹÓÃµÄÆøÇò¡¢ËÜÁÏÆ¿¡¢ËÜÁÏÍ¿ÁÏ¡¢ÏãÑÌÂË×ì¡¢ÃÞÇ©¡¢Áãʳ°ü×°´ü¼°Ï´Ò·ÏË®µÈ¾ùÊǴμ¶Î¢ËÜÁϵÄÖØÒªÀ´Ô´¡£Ê±´úµÄ·¢Õ¹Ê¹µÃËÜÁϲúÆ·ÎÞ´¦²»ÔÚ£¬Î¢ËÜÁÏÒ²Òò´Ë±é²¼È«Çò£¬ÔÚº£Ñ󡢵ˮ¡¢ÍÁÈÀ¼°´óÆø»·¾³Öоù¼ì²âµ½´óÁ¿µÄ΢ËÜÁÏ£¬ÉõÖÁÔÚµØÇòÁ½¼«Ò²¼ì²âµ½Î¢ËÜÁϵĴæÔÚ¡£Ä¿Ç°¶Ô΢ËÜÁϵÄÑо¿Ö÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÓÚº£ÑóÁìÓò£¬ÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾÎÊÌâÏà¶ÔÊܵ½ºöÊÓ[2]¡£È»¶øÃ¿Äê½øÈëÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖеÄ΢ËÜÁϺ¬Á¿±Èº£Ñó»·¾³¸ß4¡«23±¶¡£ÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϾßÓÐÁ£¾¶Ð¡¡¢±È±íÃæ»ý´ó¡¢ÊýÁ¿¶à¡¢²»ÈÜ¡¢Ò×Ç¨ÒÆ¡¢ÄÑÒÔ½µ½â£¨¸ß´ïÊý°ÙÄêÖÁÊýǧÄ꣩¡¢·Ö²¼¹ãµÈÌØÐÔ[3,4]£¬¶ÔÍÁÈÀ»·¾³²úÉú³¤ÆÚµÄÉú̬Σº¦£¬ÉõÖÁ¿Éͨ¹ýʳÎïÁ´ÍþвÈËÀཡ¿µ£¬Òò´Ë±ØÐëÒýÆð¹Ø×¢¡£
¡¡¡¡1¡¢ ÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵķá¶È¼°ÆäÀ´Ô´
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵķá¶ÈÖ÷ÒªÊÜÈËÀà»î¶¯Ó°Ï죬ÈËÀà»î¶¯²úÉúµÄ΢ËÜÁÏ¿Éͨ¹ý´óÆø³Á½µ¡¢µØ±í¾¶Á÷ºÍµØ±í¹à¸È¡¢ÊÐÕþÎÛÄàÓëÓлú·ÊÊ©Óü°Å©ÒµµØÄ¤²ÐÁôµÈ¶àÖÖ·½Ê½½øÈëÍÁÈÀ[5]£¬´Ó¶øÌá¸ßÁËÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵĺ¬Á¿¡£ÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁÏÀ´Ô´°´Æä²úÉúµÄλÖò»Í¬¿É·ÖΪÔλÊäÈëÐÍÓëÍâÔ´ÊäÈëÐÍ[3]¡£²»Í¬µØÇøÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵĺ¬Á¿¾ßÓнϴóµÄ²îÒ죬Ïê¼û±í1¡£¡£
¡¡¡¡±í1 ²»Í¬µØÇøÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵĺ¬Á¿
¡¡¡¡1.1¡¢ ÔλÊäÈëÐÍ
¡¡¡¡ÔλÊäÈëÐÍ΢ËÜÁÏÖ÷ÒªÖ¸ÔÚÍÁÈÀÖеÄÅ©ÓõØÄ¤µÈËÜÁϲÐÓàÎïÔڷ绯¡¢ÆÆËéºóÐγɵÄϸСË鯬»¯ËÜÁÏ¿ÅÁ££¬Îª´ÎÉú΢ËÜÁÏ¡£ÖйúÊÇÅ©ÓõØÄ¤Ê¹Óã¨Ê¹ÓÃÁ¿>145Íòt/a£©´ó¹ú£¬Ê¹ÓÃÁ¿¸ß£¨Õ¼È«Çò90%£©¶ø»ØÊÕÂʵͣ¨<60%£©£¬Ê¹µÃÔλÊäÈëÐÍ΢ËÜÁϳÉΪũҵÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÀ´Ô´¡£
¡¡¡¡1.2 ¡¢ÍâÔ´ÊäÈëÐÍ
¡¡¡¡ÈËÀà»î¶¯²úÉúµÄ΢ËÜÁÏÓÉ´óÆø³Á½µ¡¢µØ±í¾¶Á÷ºÍµØ±í¹à¸È¡¢ÊÐÕþÎÛÄ༰Óлú·ÊÊ©ÓõÈÍâ½ç·½Ê½½øÈë²¢ÖÍÁôÓÚÍÁÈÀÖУ¬¼´ÐγÉËùνµÄÍâÔ´ÊäÈëÐÍ΢ËÜÁÏ¡£ÍâÔ´ÊäÈëÐÍ΢ËÜÁϰüÀ¨³õÉú΢ËÜÁϺʹÎÉú΢ËÜÁÏ¡£Î¢ËÜÁÏ´óÆø³Á½µµÄ·½Ê½°üÀ¨¸É³Á½µ£¨Èç½µ³¾µÈ£©ºÍʪ³Á½µ£¨ÈçÓꡢѩµÈ£©£¬´óÆø³Á½µÒ²ÊÇÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄÒ»¸ö²»¿ÉºöÊÓÀ´Ô´£¬DRIS RµÈ[14]¹À¼Æ´óÆø³Á½µ¶Ô°ÍÀè³ÇÇøµÄÈËÔìÏËά΢ËÜÁϹ±Ï×Á¿>3 t/a¡£µØ±íˮЯ´øµÄ΢ËÜÁÏͨ¹ý¾¶Á÷¡¢¹à¸ÈµÈ·½Ê½½øÈëÍÁÈÀ»·¾³£¬Ò²ÊÇÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÀ´Ô´¡£¹úÄÚÍâµØ±íË®Öоù¼ì²â³ö½Ï¸ßº¬Á¿µÄ΢ËÜÁϼû±í2¡£½üЩÄêÀ´£¬ÊÐÕþÎÛÄàũҵÍÁµØÀûÓÃÊÇÒ»ÖÖÊܵ½¹ÄÀøµÄÎÛÄà×ÊÔ´»¯´¦Ö÷½Ê½¡£µ«Ä¿Ç°¶ÔÎÛÄàÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵĺ¬Á¿È±·¦Ö¸±êÒªÇ󣬶ø³£¹æµÄÎÛÄà´¦Àí·½·¨¶Ô΢ËÜÁÏÒ²ÄÑÒÔʵÏÖÓÐЧȥ³ý£¬×îÖÕµ¼Ö´óÁ¿ÎÛÄà΢ËÜÁÏ£¨Ô¼Õ¼ÎÛË®ÖеÄ90%£©×ªÒÆÖÁÍÁÈÀÖС£¾Ý±¨µÀ£¬ÎÛÄàÅ©ÓÃÔÚÅ·ÖÞ¡¢±±ÃÀµØÇø¶ÔÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵűÏ×ÂÊ·Ö±ðΪ4.4¡«30Íòt/a,6.3¡«43Íòt/a[15]¡£ÎÛÄà¶Ñ·Ê×÷ΪÍÁµØÀûÓõÄÒ»ÖÖÖØÒªÐÎʽ£¬Ò²¶ÔÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϺ¬Á¿¾ßÓв»¿ÉºöÊӵűÏ×£¬ÎÛÄà¶Ñ·ÊÔÚÅ·Ã˹ú¼Ò¶ÔÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵűÏ×ÂÊÔ¼´ï40Íòt/a[10]¡£Óлú·ÊÒ²ÊǽüЩÄêÊܵ½ÌᳫµÄÒ»ÖÖũҵʩÓ÷ÊÁÏ£¬Ä¿Ç°¶ÔÓлú·ÊÖÐÁ£¾¶≤0.5 mmµÄ΢ËÜÁϺ¬Á¿ÏÊÓб¨µÀ£¬µ«Óлú·ÊÖÐÁ£¾¶>0.5 mmµÄËÜÁÏË鯬ÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊýÉõÖÁ¸ß´ï1 200 mg/kg[16]¡£´ËÍ⣬ÄñÀàµÈǨá㶯ÎïÔÚÉãÈë΢ËÜÁϺóÒ²¿ÉÒýÆðÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵij¤¾àÀëÔËÊäºÍ×ªÒÆ¡£
¡¡¡¡±í2 ²»Í¬µØÇøµØ±íˮ΢ËÜÁϵĺ¬Á¿
¡¡¡¡2 ¡¢ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄΣº¦
¡¡¡¡2.1 ¡¢ÎÛȾÍÁÈÀ
¡¡¡¡Î¢ËÜÁÏͨ¹ý×ÔÉíЯ´øÎÛȾÎï»òÎü¸½ÎÛȾÎïµÄ·½Ê½µ¼ÖÂÍÁÈÀ±»ÎÛȾ£¬´Ó¶ø¶ÔÍÁÈÀÉú̬ϵͳ²úÉúΣº¦¡£Ò»Ð©Î¢ËÜÁÏ×ÔÉíÌí¼Ó»òº¬ÓÐÁÚ±½¶þ¼×ËáÑΡ¢¶àäåÁª±½ÃÑ£¨PBDEs£©¡¢Ë«·Ó-AÓë×ÅÉ«ÓõÄÖØ½ðÊôµÈÓк¦ÎÛȾÎÕâЩÎÛȾÎïÔÚÊܵ½º¬ÑõÁ¿¡¢Î¶ȡ¢×ÏÍâÏߣ¨UV£©·øÉä¡¢p HÖµ¼°¿ÉÈÜÐÔÓлúÖʵÈÌõ¼þ±ä»¯µÄÓ°Ï죬»áÏò»·¾³ÖÐÊÍ·Å£¬²¢ÔÚÁÜÈÜ×÷ÓÃϽøÖÁÍÁÈÀÖУ¬ÁíÍâijЩ΢ËÜÁÏÔÚ×ÔÉí½µ½â¹ý³ÌÖÐÒ²»áÏòÍÁÈÀÊÍ·ÅÓк¦ÎïÖÊ£¬ÕâЩÎÛȾÎïºÍÓк¦ÎïÖÊ×îÖÕ»áÒÖÖÆÍÁÈÀ΢ÉúÎïµÄ»îÐÔ¡¢Ó°ÏìÍÁÈÀÎïÖÊÑ»·²¢ÍþвÍÁÈÀÉú̬ϵͳƽºâ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀÖеÄ΢ËÜÁÏÄÜͨ¹ýÎïÀíÎü¸½ºÍ»¯Ñ§Îü¸½µÄ·½Ê½Îü¸½ÓлúÎÛȾÎ²¢¿ÉÄܽøÒ»²½¾Û¼¯³ÉÓлúÎÛȾÇòÌå¡£ÎïÀíÎü¸½Ö÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÓÚ΢ËÜÁϵıȱíÃæ»ý½Ï´ó£¬·¶µÂ»ªÁ¦µÄ×÷ÓÃʹÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϱíÃæ¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÎü¸½»òͨ¹ý¸ß·Ö×Ó¾ÛºÏÎï¿×϶Ìî³äµÄ·½Ê½Îü¸½ÓлúÎÛȾÎ»¯Ñ§Îü¸½ÔòÖ÷ÒªÊÇÓÉÓÚ΢ËÜÁÏÓëÓлúÎÛȾÎï2Õß¾ßÓÐÏàËÆµÄÊèË®ÐÔ£¬Òò´Ë´æÔÚ·ÖÅ䯽ºâ¡£HVFFER TµÈ[20]ͨ¹ýÑо¿¾Û±½ÒÒÏ©£¨PS£©¡¢¾ÛÂÈÒÒÏ©£¨PVC£©¡¢¾ÛÒÒÏ©£¨PE£©¡¢¾Ûõ£°·£¨PA£©µÈ΢ËÜÁ϶Է¼Ïã×åÓëÖ¬·¾×åÓлúÎïµÄÎü¸½×÷Ó÷¢ÏÖ£¬±íÃæÎü¸½ÊÇPS,PVC¼°PA¶ÔÓлúÎÛȾÎïµÄÖ÷ÒªÎü¸½·½Ê½£¬¶ø·ÖÅ䯽ºâÊÇPE¶ÔÓлúÎÛȾÎïµÄÖ÷ÒªÎü¸½·½Ê½£¬ÇÒÓлúÎÛȾÎïµÄÊèË®ÐÔÊÇÓ°Ïì΢ËÜÁÏÎü¸½×÷ÓõÄÖ÷µ¼ÒòËØ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Î¢ËÜÁÏ¿ÉÒÔÎü¸½PBDEs¡¢¶àÂÈÁª±½£¨PCBs£©¡¢¶à»··¼Ìþ£¨PAHs£©¡¢ÓлúÂÈɱ³æ¼ÁµÈ¶àÖÖÊèË®ÐÔÓлúÎÛȾÎHOCs£©¡£
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ¿Éͨ¹ýÖ±½ÓÎü¸½¡¢Fe-MnÑõ»¯ÎïÎü¸½»òÐγɹ²³Áµí¡¢ÂçºÏ×÷Óõȷ½Ê½Îü¸½ÖؽðÊô¡£HODSON M EµÈ[21]Ñо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬¸ßÃܶȾÛÒÒÏ©£¨HDPE£©ÔÚÓлúÖʺ¬Á¿¸ü¼Ó·á¸»µÄÅ©ÁÖÓõØÍÁÈÀÖжÔZn2+¾ßÓиüÇ¿µÄÎü¸½×÷Óá£Î¢ËÜÁϵÄÀÏ»¯»áÔöÇ¿Æä¶ÔÖØ½ðÊôµÄ¹Ì¶¨×÷Óã¬NICOLE BµÈ[22]ͨ¹ý2 000 hµÄÈ˹¤ÖùÉøÂËÀÏ»¯£¨ÈÈÑõ»¯ºÍ¹âÑõ»¯£©ÊµÑ飬·¢ÏÖPS,PVC¼°HDPEµÈ΢ËÜÁϵÄÀÏ»¯¿ÉÃ÷ÏÔÔöÇ¿Æä¶ÔZn,CuµÈÖØ½ðÊôµÄÎü¸½ÄÜÁ¦£¬Í¬Ê±»¹½µµÍÁËÆä¶ÔÖØ½ðÊôµÄ½âÎüÓëÊÍ·ÅЧ¹û¡£´ËÍ⣬΢ËÜÁÏÍâ±íÃæÔÚ±»Îü¸½ÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖеĹÙÄÜÍŰü¹üºó£¬ÆäÎü¸½ÖؽðÊôµÄÄÜÁ¦Ò²»áÊܵ½Ó°Ï죬KIM DµÈ[23]ͨ¹ý±»ÍÁÈÀ¹ÙÄÜÍŰü¹üµÄPSÎü¸½ÖؽðÊôNiµÄÑо¿·¢ÏÖ£¬ÍÁÈÀ¹ÙÄÜÍÅ¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý¸Ä±äPSÓëÖØ½ðÊô±íÃæµÄÊèË®ÐÔ¶øÓ°ÏìǰÕß¶ÔºóÕßµÄÎü¸½ÄÜÁ¦¡£
¡¡¡¡Î¢ËÜÁÏ»¹ÄÜͨ¹ýÎü¸½µãλÎü¸½ÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖеÄ΢ÉúÎ²¢½øÒ»²½µ¼ÖÂÉúÎïĤµÄÐγɣ¬Òò´ËÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϼ«¿ÉÄܳÉΪDZÔÚÖ²¡¾úºÍÍâÀ´Óк¦ÈëÇÖÎïÖÖµÄÔØÌ壬ÕâЩ΢ÉúÎï»áËæ×ÅÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄÇ¨ÒÆ¶øÀ©É¢£¬È»ºó¸Ä±äÆäËûÉú̬ϵͳµÄȺÂä½á¹¹ºÍ¹¦ÄÜ£¬×îÖÕÆÆ»µÍÁÈÀÉú̬ϵͳ¡£
¡¡¡¡2.2¡¢ Σº¦ÍÁÈÀÉúÎï
¡¡¡¡Î¢ËÜÁ϶ÔÍÁÈÀ¶¯Ö²Î΢ÉúÎï¾ùÄܲúÉú½Ï´óµÄΣº¦×÷Óá£Ò»·½Ã棬΢ËÜÁÏ»áÓ°ÏìÍÁÈÀ¶¯ÎïµÄÉãʳ£¬ÈçµòÂäÎïÔÚ»ìÔÓ΢ËÜÁÏÖпÉÓ°ÏìòÇò¾¶ÔÆäµÄÊÊ¿ÚÐÔ[24]¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÍÁÈÀ¶¯ÎïÔÚÉãʳ΢ËÜÁϺó»á¶ÔÆä×ÔÉíÔì³ÉË𺦣¬²¢¿Éʹ΢ËÜÁÏÑØÊ³ÎïÁ´½øÒ»²½´«µÝºÍ»ýÀÛ£¬ZHU B KµÈ[25]Ñо¿±íÃ÷µÍŨ¶ÈÄÉÃ×ËÜÁϼ±ÐÔÒûʳ¿ÉÌáÉýÈ䳿£¨Enchytraeus crypticus£©µÄ³¦µÀ΢ÉúÎï¶àÑùÐÔ²¢Ìá¸ßÆä·±Ö³ÂÊ£¬¶ø°éËæÄÉÃ×ËÜÁϵı©Â¶Å¨¶ÈÉý¸ß£¬Æä³¦µÀ΢ÉúÎï¶àÑùÐÔ¼°·±Ö³Âʾù³ÊϽµÇ÷ÊÆ£»ZHU DµÈ[26]Ôò·¢ÏÖ¸ÉÍÁÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊýΪ1 g/kgµÄPVC¿ÅÁ££¨80¡«250μm£©±©Â¶28 dÄܹ»Ã÷ÏÔÓ°ÏìÌø³æ£¨Folsomia candida£©µÄ³¦µÀ¾úȺ£¬²¢½µµÍ¸ÃÌø³æµÄ³É³¤Âʼ°·±Ö³ÂÊ£»µÍŨ¶ÈµÄ΢ËÜÁ϶ÔòÇò¾µÄÓ°ÏìÒ»°ã½ÏС£¬µ«¸ßŨ¶È΢ËÜÁϾͻá¶ÔòÇò¾µÄÉú³¤²úÉúΣº¦£¬ÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊýΪ28%¼°45%µÄPE (<150μm£©¼´¶ÔòÇò¾£¨Lumbricus terrestris L.£©µÄÉú³¤²úÉú²»ÀûÓ°Ï죬ÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊýΪ60%µÄPE(<150μm£©Ôò»áʹÆäÉú³¤ÂʽµµÍΪ¸ºÖµÇÒËÀÍöÂÊ´ïµ½×î¸ßÖµ[27,28]£¬¶øµ±PE (250¡«1000μm£©ÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊý>125 mg/kgʱÔò»áËðÉ˽ÉúòÇò¾£¨E.Andrei£©µÄ×éÖ¯[29]£»µ±PS(58μm£©ÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊý<0.5%ʱ¶ÔòÇò¾£¨E.Foetida£©µÄ·á¶ÈÓ°Ïì²»´ó£¬µ±ÆäÖÊÁ¿·ÖÊý´ïµ½1%Óë2%ʱÔò¶ÔòÇò¾µÄÉú³¤²úÉúÃ÷ÏÔÒÖÖÆ[30]£»Éãʳ¼°±íÃæ¸½×Å΢ËÜÁϵÄòÇò¾ÔÚÆä×ÔÉí»î¶¯¹ý³ÌÖлáËæ×ÅÅÅй¼°ÆäÒÅÌå²Ðº¡½øÒ»²½À©É¢ÖÁÆäËûÇøÓò¼°Éî²ãÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖУ¬Ê¹Î¢ËÜÁϵÄΣº¦Ò²À©´ó»¯¡£´ËÍ⣬ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ»¹¿ÉÄܶÔÍÁÈÀ¿×϶Ðγɷâ¶Â²¢Óɴ˸ÉÈÅÍÁÈÀÖеÄÖÐÐͶ¯ÎïµÄÉúÃü»î¶¯¡£
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ¿Éͨ¹ýÓ°ÏìÍÁÈÀÎïÖÊÑ»·¼ä½ÓÓ°ÏìÖ²ÎïµÄÉú³¤£¬¶øÁ£¾¶½ÏСµÄ΢ËÜÁÏÔÚ±»Ö²ÎïÎüÊÕºóÔò¿ÉÖ±½ÓÓ°ÏìÖ²ÎïµÄÉú³¤£¬ÀîÁ¬ìõµÈ[31]Ñо¿·¢ÏÖÉú²Ë¿ÉÒÔÎüÊÕPS(200 nm£©²¢ÓÉÆä¸ù²¿ÔËÊäÖÁ¾¥Ò¶¡£ÁõÝöÝöµÈ[32]Ôò·¢ÏÖ¸ßŨ¶ÈµÄPE(0.023¡«0.038 mm£©¿ÉÒÔÃ÷ÏÔ½µµÍÂ̶¹Ó×Ãç¸ùºÍÑ¿µÄ³¤¶È¡¢º¬Ë®Âʼ°Ó×ÃçÖØÁ¿£¨°üÀ¨ÏÊÖØºÍ¸ÉÖØ£©¡£Á¬¼ÓÅʵÈ[33]Ò²·¢ÏÖ΢ËÜÁÏ¿ÉÒÔÒÖÖÆÐ¡ÂóÖÖ×ӵķ¢Ñ¿£¨ÒÖÖÆÂÊÔÚ2.86%¡«20%£©¡£ÁÎÔ·³½µÈ[34]Ñо¿»¹·¢ÏÖPS(5μm£©¿ÉËðº¦Ð¡ÂóҶƬµÄ¹âºÏ×÷ÓÃϵͳ£¬½µµÍµí·Ûø»îÐÔºÍÒÖÖÆµ°°×Öʵĺϳɣ¬²¢ÈÏΪPS±©Â¶¿ÉÄÜ»¹¶ÔСÂó´æÔÚÑõ»¯Ó¦¼¤¶¾º¦¡£´ËÍ⣬³ÂìäµÈ[35]·¢ÏÖÍÁÈÀÖлýÀÛµÄ΢ËÜÁÏ»¹»áÓ°ÏìСÂóÌåÄÚ¿ÉÈÜÐÔµ°°×µÄºÏ³É£¬Ê¹µÃСÂó¶ÔNµÄÀûÓÃÂÊϽµ£¬×îÖÕÔì³ÉСÂóµÄ×ÑÁ£²»¹»±¥Âú¡£Ö²Îï×÷Ϊ³õ¼¶Éú²úÕߣ¬ÔÚÎüÊÕ΢ËÜÁϺóͨ¹ýÏû·ÑÕßÔÚʳÎïÁ´µÄ´«µÝ¿É²úÉú½øÒ»²½µÄ»ýÀÛºÍΣº¦£¬¶øÉú²Ë¡¢Â̶¹¡¢Ð¡ÂóµÈÅ©×÷ÎïÔòÄÜÖ±½Ó¶ÔÈËÀཡ¿µ²úÉú½Ï´óµÄʳÓ÷çÏÕ¡£
¡¡¡¡Î¢ËÜÁÏͨ¹ý×ÔÉí·Ö½â²úÉúÓк¦ÎïÖÊ¡¢Îü¸½²¡Ô¾ú¼°Ð¯´øÓж¾ÎÛȾÎïµ½ÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ºó£¬¿ÉÄܶÔÍÁÈÀ΢ÉúÎïµÄø»îÐÔ¼°ÍÁÈÀºôÎüÇ¿¶È¶¼»á²úÉúÓ°Ï죬ÓÉ´ËÓ°ÏìÍÁÈÀ΢ÉúÎïµÄгǴúл¹¦ÄܺÍÉúÎï»îÐÔ£¬×îÖÕ¶ÔÆäÊýÁ¿¡¢¶àÑùÐÔ¼°ÈºÂä½á¹¹¹¹³ÉÑÏÖØÍþв[5]¡£´ËÍ⣬PS»¹ÄÜÔÚ¾²µç×÷ÓÃÏÂÎü¸½ÓÚÏõ»¯Ï¸¾ú¼°ÔåÀàµÈµÄ±íÃæ£¬¶Ô¿ÕÆøÁ÷¶¯Óë¹âÕÕÐγÉ×è°£¬´Ó¶øÒÖÖÆÆäºôÎü×÷Óú͹âºÏ×÷ÓÃ[36]¡£
¡¡¡¡2.3¡¢ Ó°ÏìµØÏÂË®
¡¡¡¡ÍÁÈÀÖеÄ΢ËÜÁÏ¿ÉÔÚÍÁÈÀ-µØÏÂË®¼ä·¢Éú´¹Ö±Ç¨ÒÆ£¬´Ó¶øÔì³ÉµØÏÂË®µÄ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾ¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬Ëæ×Åp HÖµÉý¸ß¡¢ÈܽâÐÔÓлúÖÊ£¨DOM£©Ôö¼Ó¡¢¿×϶ˮÁ÷ËÙÔö´ó¡¢Ö²Îï¸ùϵ·¢ÓýÒÔ¼°ÍÁÈÀ¶¯ÎÈçòÇò¾¡¢Ìø³æ¡¢òý³æµÈ£©[4]Ô˶¯ÓëÉãʳÐÐΪµÄ¼Ó¾ç£¬Î¢ËÜÁÏÔÚÍÁÈÀ—µØÏÂË®¼äµÄÇ¨ÒÆÄÜÁ¦ËæÖ®ÔöÇ¿£»¶øËæ×ÅÀë×ÓÇ¿¶ÈÔö´ó¡¢¸ß¼ÛÑôÀë×Ó£¨Ca2+,Mg2+,Al3+µÈ£©º¬Á¿Ôö¼Ó¡¢Fe/AlÑõ»¯ÎﺬÁ¿Éý¸ß¡¢½éÖÊÁ£¾¶¼õС¡¢½éÖʴֲڶȱä´ó¼°±¥ºÍ¶È±äСµÈÒòËØµÄ±ä»¯£¬Î¢ËÜÁÏÔÚÍÁÈÀ-µØÏÂË®¼äµÄÇ¨ÒÆÄÜÁ¦Ò²ËæÖ®½µµÍ[3]¡£Ò»·½Ã棬΢ËÜÁÏÔÚ½øÈëµØÏÂË®ºóÖ±½ÓÓ°ÏìÁËÈËÃǵÄÒûË®°²È«£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬µØÏÂË®ÖеÄ΢ËÜÁϿɱ»¶¯ÎïÉãÈ¡£¬·Ö½â³É×㹻СµÄ΢ËÜÁÏ»¹Äܱ»Ö²ÎïÎüÊÕ£¬×îÖÕͨ¹ýʳÎïÁ´µÄ´«²¥¶ÔÉú̬ϵͳ¹¹³ÉÑÏÖØÍþв¡£
¡¡¡¡3 ¡¢ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵķÀÖδëÊ©
¡¡¡¡3.1 ¡¢ËÜÁÏÀ¬»ø»ØÊÕ
¡¡¡¡ËÜÁÏÀ¬»øÊÇÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵÄÖØÒªÀ´Ô´£¬´¦Öò»ºÏÀí½«µ¼ÖÂÍÁÈÀÖÐËÜÁϺ¬Á¿µÄÔö¼Ó¡£Ä¿Ç°ËÜÁÏÀ¬»øÖ÷Òª²ÉÈ¡¼¯ÖÐÌîÂñµÄ´¦Ö÷½Ê½£¬²»½ö½µ½âÂý¡¢½µ½âÂʵͣ¬»¹ÈÝÒ×ÐγÉ΢ËÜÁϺÍÊÍ·ÅÓк¦ÎïÖʲ¢½øÈëÍÁÈÀºÍË®Ì壨°üÀ¨µØÏÂË®£©¡£Îª±ÜÃâÕâЩ²»ºÏÀí´¦Öõ¼ÖµÄÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ»ýÀÛÎÊÌ⣬·¢Õ¹ËÜÁÏÀ¬»øµÄ»ØÊÕ¼¼Êõ£¬Í¨¹ýÑ»·¾¼ÃµÄ˼·ʵÏÖ¶ÔËÜÁϵĻØÊÕÔÙÀûÓã¬Í¬Ê±¼õÉÙËÜÁϲúÆ·ºÍËÜÁÏÀ¬»øµÄ²úÁ¿£¬ÊÇδÀ´ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ·ÀÖεÄÒ»ÖÖ±ØÒª·½·¨ºÍÊֶΡ£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Å·ÃË2018ÄêµÄÏÞËÜ·½°¸ÒÑÌá³öÒªÔÚ2030ÄêǰʵÏÖ¶ÔËùÓÐËÜÁϰü×°µÄ»ØÊÕ£¬ÇÒÍ£Ö¹¿§·È±µÈÒ»´ÎÐÔËÜÁϵÄʹÓã»ÁªºÏ¹ú»·¾³¹æ»®ÊðºÍÓ¢¹úEllen Mac Arthur Foundation»ù½ð»áÒ²³«µ¼ËÜÁϰü×°ÓÉÒ»´ÎÐÔʹÓÃÖÁ¿ÉÖØ¸´Ê¹ÓõÄת±ä¡£
¡¡¡¡3.2¡¢ Ô´Í·¿ØÖÆ
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÔ´Í·ÉÏÏû³ý»ò¼õÉÙ΢ËÜÁϵIJúÉúÊÇ¿ØÖÆÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾ×îÐÐÖ®ÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨¡£Ò»·½Ã棬Դͷ¿ØÖÆ¿Éͨ¹ýÔ²ÄÁÏÌæ´ú¡¢±ÜÃâ½øÒ»²½ÐγÉ΢ËÜÁϼ°Ô´Í·½ØÁôµÈ·½Ê½ÊµÏÖ£¬ÆäÖÐÔ²ÄÁÏÌæ´ú°üÀ¨·ÇËÜÁϲÄÁÏÌæ´ú£¨Èç·ÄÖ¯¹¤ÒµµÄÊ©½º¼Á²ÉÓøÄÁ¼´ó¶¹µ°°×Ìæ´ú¾Û±ûÏ©´¼£¨PVA£©£©ºÍ¿É½µ½â²ÄÁÏÌæ´ú£¨È繤ҵ»¯¾ÛÈéËᣨPLA£©ÓÃÓÚÖÆ×÷°ü×°²ÄÁÏ¡¢Î¢Öé¡¢·ÇÖ¯ÔìÎï¼°ÏËάµÈ£¬Ë®ÈÜÐÔPVA±¡Ä¤ÓÃ×÷°ü×°²ÄÁÏ£©£»±ÜÃâ½øÒ»²½ÐγÉ΢ËÜÁÏÊÇÖ¸ÔÚ´óËÜÁÏ£¨Ïà¶Ô΢ËÜÁϸüÈÝÒ×´¦Àí£©·¢Õ¹ÐγÉ΢ËÜÁÏ֮ǰ¾Í½«Æä½µ½â£¬È罫´óËÜÁϼ¯Öд߻¯½µ½â¡¢ÈȽµ½â¡¢ÉúÎï½µ½âµÈ£»Ô´Í·½ØÁô¿ÉÀûÓÃÎÛË®´¦Àí³§µÈʵÏÖ£¨Èçͨ¹ýÈÜÆø¸¡Ñ¡¡¢·ÖÂË¡¢Ä¤ÉúÎï·´Ó¦Æ÷£¨MBR£©¼°¿ìËÙɰÂ˵ȷ½Ê½¿É½ØÁô95%ÒÔÉϵÄ΢ËÜÁÏ£©¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ʵʩԴͷ¿ØÖÆÒªÍ¨¹ýÁ¢·¨ÊµÏÖ£¬È·Á¢¸÷¼¶Õþ¸®²¿ÃÅÔÚËÜÁϵÄÉú²ú¡¢¾Óª¡¢Ê¹Óᢴ¦Àí´¦Ö÷½ÃæµÄÔðÈΣ¬²¢½¨Á¢ÆóÒµ»ò¸öÈËÔÚÒÔÉϸ÷»·½ÚÎ¥·¨µÄ³Í·£Ï¸Ôò£¬¸ù¾ÝËÎÛȾ˸¶·ÑµÄÔÔòÈ·¶¨Ë°ÊÕÕþ²ß¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ºÜ¶àÅ·ÃÀ·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¶¼ÒÑÖÆ¶¨ÊµÊ©Î¢ËÜÁÏÔ´Í·¿ØÖƵķ¨ÂÉ·¨¹æ£¬ÈçÃÀ¹úµÄ“2015ÄêÎÞ΢ÖéË®Óò·¨°¸”¡¢¼ÓÄôóµÄ¡¶»¯×±Æ·ËÜÁÏ΢Öé¹ÜÀí°ì·¨¡·£¨2017Ä꣩¡¢¿ÏÄáÑÇ“½ûËÜÁ¨2017Ä꣩µÈ¡£´ËÍ⣬ΪÅäºÏÁ¢·¨»¹Ó¦µ±¼Ó¿ì½¨ÉèÏàÓ¦±ê×¼Ìåϵ£¬Èç¶Ô¸öÈË»¤ÀíÓÃÆ·ÖеÄËÜÁÏ΢Á£½øÐÐÏÞÖÆµÈ¡£
¡¡¡¡3.3 ¡¢ÎÛȾÖÎÀí
¡¡¡¡Ä¿Ç°¶ÔÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾÖÎÀíµÄÑо¿Ö÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÔÚ΢ÉúÎï´¦Àí·½Ãæ¡£ÓÐÑо¿±íÃ÷[37,38]£¬À°³æµÄ³¦µÀ¾ú¿É½µ½âPE£¬¶ø·Û³æµÄ³¦µÀ¿É·ÖÀëµÃµ½½µ½âPSµÄ΢¸Ë¾ú£¬²¢¿ÉÔÚ12¡«24 hÄÚ½«PSÍêÈ«¿ó»¯¡£YOSHIDA SµÈ[39]Ñо¿·¢ÏÖIdeonella sakaiensis 201-F6ϸ¾ú¿ÉÔÚ30¡æÏÂ6ÖÜÄÚ½«¾Û¶Ô±½¶þ¼×ËáÒÒ¶þ´¼õ¥£¨PET£©ÍêÈ«½µ½â¡£ÖпÆÔºÀ¥Ã÷Ö²ÎïÑо¿Ëù[40]Ò²·¢ÏÖÁËËþ±öÇúù¾ú£¬ÔÚ¸ÃÕæ¾úµÄ×÷ÓÃÏÂ2ÖÜÄÚ¼´±íÏÖ³ö¶Ô¾Û°±õ¥£¨PU£©µÄ½µ½âЧ¹û£¬2¸öÔÂÄÚ¶ÔÅàÑø»ùÉϵÄPU¾ÛºÏÎï»ù±¾½µ½âÍêÈ«¡£³ý΢ÉúÎï´¦ÀíÍ⣬ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏ»¹¿Éͨ¹ýøÀ´ÊµÏÖ¿ìËٺ͸ßЧ½µ½â£¬ÈçʹÓÃÆáø½µ½â΢ËÜÁÏ¡£´ËÍ⣬ͨ¹ý×ÏÍâÏßÔ¤Ñõ»¯¶Ô΢ËÜÁϽøÐнṹÐÞÊÎÒ²¿ÉÌá¸ßÆäÔÚÍÁÈÀÖеĽµ½âÂÊ£¬¶øµç»¯Ñ§Ñõ»¯¡¢»¯Ñ§Ñõ»¯¼°¹â´ß»¯Ñõ»¯µÈһЩ¸ß¼¶Ñõ»¯¼¼ÊõÒ²¿ÉʵÏÖ¶Ô΢ËÜÁϵĽµ½â¡£
¡¡¡¡4 ¡¢ÎÊÌâÓëÕ¹Íû
¡¡¡¡½ü¼¸Ä꣬ÔÚÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÁìÓòµÄÑо¿ÒÑÈ¡µÃÒ»¶¨½øÕ¹£¬µ«¶ÔÐí¶à·½ÃæµÄÑо¿ÈÔÏÔ²»×㣬ÀýÈ磺(1)ÔÚÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÑùÆ·µÄ²É¼¯¡¢·ÖÀëÓë¼ì²â·½Ã棬ĿǰÉÐÎÞͳһ·½·¨£¬ÔÚÎÛË®¡¢ÎÛÄ༰ũ×÷Îï²úÆ·µÈ·½ÃæÒ²È±·¦ÏàÓ¦µÄ΢ËÜÁϺ¬Á¿ÏÞÖµºÍÎÛȾÆÀ¹À±ê×¼£¬Òò´ËÑо¿½á¹ûȱ·¦¿É¶Ô±ÈÐÔ£»(2)¶ÔÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÀ´Ô´·ÖÎö¼°ÆäÑØÊ³ÎïÁ´´«µÝµÄÈÏʶ²»¹»ÉîÈ룻(3)¶Ô΢ËÜÁÏÓëÎÛȾÎï¡¢²»Í¬Î¢ËÜÁϼäÔÚ¸´ÔÓÍÁÈÀ»·¾³µÄ¸´ºÏЧӦ²»Ã÷È·¡£
¡¡¡¡Õë¶ÔÒÔÉÏÎÊÌ⣬δÀ´ÐèÔÚÒÔÏ·½Ãæ¼ÓÇ¿Ñо¿£º(1)¼ÓÇ¿ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϱê×¼ÌåϵµÄ½¨É裬²»µ«Òª½¡È«´Ó²ÉÑù¡¢·ÖÀëµ½¼ì²â·½ÃæµÄ±ê×¼£¬»¹ÒªÍêÉÆÎÛË®¡¢ÎÛÄ༰Óлú·ÊµÈÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÀ´Ô´ºÍÅ©×÷Îï²úÆ·µÈÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÈ¥ÏòµÄÏÞÖµÓëÎÛȾÆÀ¹À±ê×¼£»(2)½øÒ»²½¼ÓÉî¶ÔÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÀ´Ô´¼°ÆäÑØÊ³ÎïÁ´´«µÝµÄÑо¿£¬Èç²ÉÓÃÍ¬Î»ËØÊ¾×Ù·¨¡¢½¨Á¢ÎÛȾԴģÐ͵ȣ»(3)ÀûÓÃÉúÎï±ê¼Ç·¨µÈ¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô΢ËÜÁÏÓëÎÛȾÎï¡¢²»Í¬Î¢ËÜÁϼäÔÚ¸´ÔÓÍÁÈÀ»·¾³µÄ¸´ºÏЧӦÑо¿£¬´ÙʹÀíÂÛÖð½¥Äܹ»Ö¸µ¼ÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁϵķÀÖΡ£
¡¡¡¡5 ¡¢½áÂÛ
¡¡¡¡ÊÜÈËÀà»î¶¯Ó°Ï죬΢ËÜÁÏÕâÀàÐÂÐËÎÛȾÎïÒѱ鲼ȫÊÀ½ç·¶Î§Äڵĸ÷¸ö½ÇÂ䡣΢ËÜÁÏ¿Éͨ¹ýÔλÊäÈë»òÍâÔ´ÊäÈëµÄ·½Ê½½øÈëÍÁÈÀ£¬²¢ÒÔ×ÔÉíЯ´øÎÛȾÎï»òÎü¸½ÎÛȾÎïµÄ·½Ê½µ¼ÖÂÍÁÈÀ±»ÎÛȾ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬½øÈëÍÁÈÀÖеÄ΢ËÜÁÏͨ¹ýÉúÎïÉãʳ¡¢Ó°ÏìÍÁÈÀÎïÖÊÑ»·¡¢×ÔÉí·Ö½â²úÉúÓк¦ÎïÖÊ¡¢Îü¸½²¡Ô¾ú¼°Ð¯´øÓж¾ÎÛȾÎïµÈ¶àÖÖ·½Ê½¶ÔÍÁÈÀÉúÎï²úÉúΣº¦¡£´ËÍ⣬ÍÁÈÀÖеÄ΢ËÜÁÏ»¹ÄÜÔÚÍÁÈÀ-µØÏÂË®¼ä·¢Éú´¹Ö±Ç¨ÒÆ£¬´Ó¶øÔì³ÉµØÏÂË®µÄ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾ£¬²¢¿ÉÄÜͨ¹ýʳÎïÁ´µÄ´«²¥¶ÔÉú̬ϵͳºÍÈËÀàÉúÃü½¡¿µ¹¹³ÉÑÏÖØÍþв¡£½øÐÐËÜÁÏÀ¬»ø»ØÊÕ¡¢Ô´Í·Ïû³ýºÍ¼õÉÙ΢ËÜÁϵIJúÉúÊÇ¿ØÖÆÍÁÈÀ΢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾ±È½ÏÐÐÖ®ÓÐЧµÄ·½·¨£¬¶ø¶ÔÓÚÒѱ»Î¢ËÜÁÏÎÛȾµÄÍÁÈÀ£¬Ä¿Ç°ÆäÖÎÀíÑо¿Ö÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÔÚ΢ÉúÎï´¦Àí·½Ãæ¡£
¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
¡¡¡¡[1] COLE M, LINDEQUE P, HALSBAND C, et al. Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment:a review[J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2011, 62(12):2 588-2 597.
¡¡¡¡[2]֣ΰ,³Â¾´ÈÊ.΢ËÜÁÏÔÚÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖеÄÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].ÎÛȾ·ÀÖμ¼Êõ,2020,33(3):4-6,10.
¡¡¡¡[3]¶æéª,Ïļ̺ì,ÍõΪľ,µÈ.ÍÁÈÀ-µØÏÂË®ÖÐ΢ËÜÁÏÇ¨ÒÆµÄÓ°ÏìÒòËØ¼°»úÖÆÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].ũҵ¹¤³Ìѧ±¨,2020,36(14):1-8.
¡¡¡¡[4]ÖìÓÀ¹Ù,Ö춬,Ðíͨ,µÈ.£¨Î¢£©ËÜÁÏÎÛȾ¶ÔÍÁÈÀÉú̬ϵͳµÄÓ°Ïì:½øÕ¹Óë˼¿¼[J].ũҵ»·¾³¿ÆÑ§Ñ§±¨,2019,38(1):1-6.
¡¡¡¡[5]Áõɳɳ,¸¶½¨Æ½,¹ù³þÁá,µÈ.΢ËÜÁϵĻ·¾³ÐÐΪ¼°ÆäÉú̬¶¾ÐÔÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].ũҵ»·¾³¿ÆÑ§Ñ§±¨,2019,38(5):957-969.
¡¡¡¡[6] ZUBRIS K A V, RICHARDS B K. Synthetic fibers as an indicator of land application of sludge[J]. Environmental pollution,2005, 138(2):201-211.
¡¡¡¡[7] FULLER S, GAUTAM A. A procedure for measuring microplastics using pressurized fluid extraction[J]. Environmental science and technology, 2016, 50(11):5 774-5 780.
¡¡¡¡[8] ZHANG G S, LIU Y F. The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China[J]. Science of the total environment, 2018, 642:12-20.
¡¡¡¡[9] LIU M T, LU S B, SONG Y, et al. Microplastic and mesoplastic pollution in farmland soils in suburbs of Shanghai, China[J]. Environmental pollution, 2018, 242:855-862.
¡¡¡¡[10] ºî¾ü»ª,Ì´Îıþ,Óàºì,µÈ.ÍÁÈÀ»·¾³ÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵÄÎÛȾÏÖ×´¼°ÆäÓ°ÏìÑо¿½øÕ¹[J].»·¾³¹¤³Ì,2020,38(2):16-27,15.
¡¡¡¡[11]º«Àö»¨,ÀîÇÉÁá,ÐìóÒ,µÈ.´óÁɺÓÁ÷ÓòÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵķá¶ÈÓë·Ö²¼Ñо¿[J].Éú̬¶¾Àíѧ±¨,2020,15(1):174-185.
¡¡¡¡[12]ÍõÖ¾³¬,ÃÏÇà,ÓÚÁáºì,µÈ.ÄÚÃɹźÓÌ×¹àÇøÅ©ÌïÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵĸ³´æÌØÕ÷[J].ũҵ¹¤³Ìѧ±¨,2020,36(3):204-209.
¡¡¡¡[13]µË¼Ó´Ï,³ÂÏþ·ï,ÕÅÖ¾Åô,µÈ.¸£½¨ÕÄÆÖ½ü°¶º£Óò±í²ãÍÁÈÀÖÐ΢ËÜÁϵĸ³´æÌØÕ÷[J].¸£½¨Ê¦´ó¸£Çå·ÖУѧ±¨,2019(2):75-83.
¡¡¡¡[14] DRIS R, GASPERI J, SAAD M, et al. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout:a source of microplastics in the environment[J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2016, 104(1/2):290-293.
¡¡¡¡[15] NIZZETTO L, FUTTER M, LANGAAS S. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin[J]. Environmental ence&technology, 2016, 50(20):10 777-10 779.
¡¡¡¡[16]ÕÅ˼ÃÎ,²é½ð,ÃÏΰ,µÈ.»·¾³ÖеÄ΢ËÜÁϼ°Æä¶ÔÈËÌ彡¿µµÄÓ°Ïì[J].ÖйúËÜÁÏ,2019,33(4):81-88.
¡¡¡¡[17] SU L, XUE Y G, LI L Y, et al. Microplastics in Taihu Lake,China[J]. Environmental pollution, 2016, 216:711-719.
¡¡¡¡[18] ZHANG K, GONG W, LV J Z, et al. Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the three gorges dam[J]. Environmental pollution, 2015, 204:117-123.
¡¡¡¡[19] ZHAO S, ZHU L, WANG T, et al. Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China:first observations on occurrence, distribution[J]. Marine pollution bulletin, 2014, 86(1/2):562-568.
¡¡¡¡[20] HüFFER T, HOFMANN T. Sorption of non-polar organic compounds by micro-sized plastic particles in aqueous solution[J]. Environmental pollution, 2016, 214:194-201.
¡¡¡¡[21] HODSON M E, DUFFUS-HODSON C A, CLARK A, et al.Plastic bag derived microplastics as a vector for metal exposure in terrestrial invertebrates[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2017, 51(8):4 714-4 721.
¡¡¡¡[22] NICOLE B, VERENA W, VOLKER W, et al. Contaminant release from aged microplastic[J]. Environmental chemistry,2017, 14(6):394-405.
¡¡¡¡[23] KIM D, CHAE Y, AN Y J. Mixture toxicity of nickel and microplastics with different functional groups on Daphnia magna[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2017, 51(21):12 852-12 858.
¡¡¡¡[24] HUERTA LWANGA E, GERTSEN H, GOOREN H, et al.Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem:Implications for lumbricus terrestris(Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2016, 50(5):2 685-2 691.
¡¡¡¡[25] ZHU B K, FANG Y M, ZHU D, et al. Exposure to nanoplastics disturbs the gut microbiome in the soil oligochaete enchy-traeus crypticus[J]. Environmental pollution, 2018,239:408-415.
¡¡¡¡[26] ZHU D, CHEN Q L, AN X L, et al. Exposure of soil collembolans to microplastics perturbs their gut microbiota and alters their isotopic composition[J]. Soil biology&biochemistry, 2018, 116:302-310.
¡¡¡¡[27] HUERTA L E, GERTSEN H, GOOREN H, et al. Incorporation of microplastics from litter into burrows of lumbricus terrestris[J]. Environmental pollution, 2017, 220:523-531.
¡¡¡¡[28] HUERTA L E, GERTSEN H, GOOREN H, et al. Microplastics in the terrestrial ecosystem:implications for lumbricus terrestris(oligochaeta, lumbricidae)[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2016, 50(5):2 685-2 691.
¡¡¡¡[29] RODRIGUEZ-SEIJO A, LOURENCO J, ROCHA-SANTOS T A P, et al. Histopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in eisenia andrei bouché[J]. Environmental pollution, 2017, 220:495-503.
¡¡¡¡[30] CAO D D, WANG X, LUO X X, et al. Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the fitness of earthworms in an agricultural soil[J]. IOP conference series:earth and environmental science, 2017, 61(1):1-4.
¡¡¡¡[31]ÀîÁ¬ìõ,ÖÜÙ»,ÒüÄÈ,µÈ.ʳÓÃÊß²ËÄÜÎüÊպͻýÀÛ΢ËÜÁÏ[J].¿ÆÑ§Í¨±¨,2019,64(9):928-934.
¡¡¡¡[32]ÁõÝöÝö,ÕÅÆì,´ÞÎÄÖÇ,µÈ.¾ÛÒÒϩ΢ËÜÁ϶ÔÂ̶¹·¢Ñ¿µÄ¶¾ÐÔÑо¿[J].»·¾³Óë·¢Õ¹,2019,31(5):123-125.
¡¡¡¡[33]Á¬¼ÓÅÊ,Éòõõ,ÁõάÌÎ.΢ËÜÁ϶ÔСÂóÖÖ×Ó·¢Ñ¿¼°Ó×ÃçÉú³¤µÄÓ°Ïì[J].ũҵ»·¾³¿ÆÑ§Ñ§±¨,2019,38(4):737-745.
¡¡¡¡[34]ÁÎÔ·³½,ÄÈ×ÎÒÀ¹ÅÀö·¼ÓºÏ¸¦±ð¿Ë,Àî÷,µÈ.΢ËÜÁ϶ÔСÂóÉú³¤¼°ÉúÀíÉú»¯ÌØÐÔµÄÓ°Ïì[J].»·¾³¿ÆÑ§,2019,40(10):4 661-4 667.
¡¡¡¡[35]³Âìä,ÂíÇí,ÌÕ×Úæ«,µÈ.΢ËÜÁ϶ÔСÂóÅ©ÒÕÐÔ×´¼°µªËØÀûÓÃЧÂʵÄÓ°Ïì[J].ËÄ´¨Ê¦·¶´óѧѧ±¨£¨×ÔÈ»¿ÆÑ§°æ£©,2020,43(5):664-670.
¡¡¡¡[36] NOLTE T M, HARTMANN N B, KLEIJN J M, et al. The toxicity of plastic nanoparticles to green algae as influenced by surface modification, medium hardness and cellular adsorption[J]. Aquatic toxicology, 2017, 183:11-20.
¡¡¡¡[37] YANG J, YANG Y, WU W M, et al. Evidence of polyethylene biodegradation by bacterial strains from the guts of plastic-eating waxworms[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2014, 48(23):13 776-13 784.
¡¡¡¡[38] YANG Y, YANG J, WU W M, et al. Biodegradation and mineralization of polystyrene by plastic-eating mealworms:part 1. chemical and physical characterization and isotopic tests[J]. Environmental science&technology, 2015, 49(20):12 080-12 086.
¡¡¡¡[39] YOSHIDA S, HIRAGA K, TAKEHANA T, et al. A bacterium that degrades and assimilates poly(ethylene terephthalate)[J].Science, 2016, 6 278(351):1 196-1 199.
¡¡¡¡[40]ÕÅÈ».Öйú¿ÆÑ§¼Ò·¢ÏÖ“³ÔËÜÁÏ”Õæ¾ú[J].¿ÆÑ§¼Ò,2017,5(7):37-37.