ѧÊõÌÃÊ×Ò³ | ÎÄÏ×ÇóÖúÂÛÎÄ·¶ÎÄ | ÂÛÎÄÌâÄ¿ | ²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ× | ¿ªÌⱨ¸æ | ÂÛÎĸñʽ | ÕªÒªÌá¸Ù | ÂÛÎÄÖÂл | ÂÛÎIJéÖØ | ÂÛÎÄ´ð±ç | ÂÛÎÄ·¢±í | ÆÚ¿¯ÔÓÖ¾ | ÂÛÎÄд×÷ | ÂÛÎÄPPT
ѧÊõÌÃרҵÂÛÎÄѧϰƽ̨Äúµ±Ç°µÄλÖãºÑ§ÊõÌà > ¹ÜÀíѧÂÛÎÄ > ¹«¹²¹ÜÀíÂÛÎÄ

¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶È¡¢Éî¶È¼°Ð§¶ÈµÄÉóÊÓ

À´Ô´£ºÀíÂÛÓë¸Ä¸ï ×÷Õߣº³Â¸¶Áú
·¢²¼ÓÚ£º2019-12-07 ¹²10805×Ö

¡¡¡¡Õª    Òª£º¡¡¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ³Ì¶ÈÓëˮƽ²»½öÊǼìÑ鹫¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÖØÒª±êÖ¾£¬Ò²ÊǺâÁ¿ÐÂʱ´úÖйúÕþÖÎÎÄÃ÷½¨ÉèˮƽµÄÖØÒª±ê³ß¡£ÉóÊÓ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÏÖ´úÍƽø£¬¹ã¶È¡¢Éî¶È¡¢Ð§¶ÈµÄÈý¸ö¿Õ¼äά¶ÈÊǵ±Ç°¹«¹²²ÎÓ듺϶ȔµÄ²ÎÁ¿¶¨Î»£¬´Ó¶¯Ì¬µÄÊӽǻشðÁ˹«¹²²ÎÓëºÎÒÔ“ºÏ¶È”¼°ÈçºÎ“ºÏ¶È”£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯Ò²ÓдýÓÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔÚ¹ã¶È¡¢Éî¶È¡¢Ð§¶ÈµÄÈýά¿Õ¼äÖб£³ÖÒ»¸öºÏÀíÕÅÁ¦¡£

¡¡¡¡¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º¡¡¹«¹²²ÎÓë; ¹ã¶È; Éî¶È; Ч¶È;

¡¡¡¡Abstract£º¡¡The degree and level of public participation is not only an important indicator for testing the ordering of public participation, but also an important scaleplate to measure the level of China's political civilization construction in the new era. Examining the development of public participation ordering, the three spatial dimensions of breadth, depth and validity are the parametric positioning of the "combination degree" of the current public participation. It answers why and how public participation is "combination degree" from the dynamic perspective. The ordering of public participation also needs to maintain a reasonable tension in the three-dimensional space of breadth, depth and validity.

¡¡¡¡Keyword£º¡¡Public participation; Breadth; Depth; Validity;

¡¡¡¡¶÷¸ñ˹ÔÚ¡¶<·´¶ÅÁÖÂÛ>µÄ×¼±¸²ÄÁÏ¡·Ò»ÎÄÖÐÖ¸³ö£º“¿ÉÊǶÔÈÕ³£µÄÔËÓÃÀ´Ëµ£¬ÔÚËùνµÄ¶¨ÒåÖжÔ×îÒ»°ãµÄͬʱҲÊÇ×îÓÐÌØÉ«µÄÐÔÖÊËù×÷µÄ¼ò¶Ì½âÊÍ£¬³£³£ÊÇÓÐÓõģ¬ÉõÖÁÊDZØÐèµÄ£»Ö»Òª²»ÒªÇóËü±í´ï±ÈËüËùÄܱí´ïµÄ¸ü¶àµÄ¶«Î÷£¬ËüÒ²²»»áÔì³ÉʲôË𺦡£”[1]²ÎÕÕѧÊõ½ç¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÏÖÓÐÀíÂÛ½âÊÍ¿ò¼Ü¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÐÐΪȡÏòºÍÀíÂÛÑо¿¹¤×÷ÕßµÄÓйع۵㣬°´ÕÕ¶÷¸ñ˹¶ÔÈçºÎÏ“¶¨Òå”Ëù×÷µÄÂÛÊö£¬ÎÄÖн«¹«¹²²ÎÓë½ç¶¨ÎªÏÖ´ú¹«ÃñÔÚ½éÓÚ¹ú¼ÒÓëÉç»áÖ®¼äµÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÄÚËùÕ¹¿ªµÄÒ»ÖÖÒÔά»¤ºÍ·¢Õ¹¹«¹²ÀûÒæΪ¸ù±¾Ä¿±êµÄ¹«¹²Ðж¯¡£Îª´Ë£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÊÇÌض¨Éç»á¾­¼Ã¡¢ÕþÖΡ¢ÎÄ»¯·¢Õ¹µ½Ò»¶¨½×¶ÎµÄʹȻ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓë²¢²»ÊÇ´æÔÚÓÚÈκÎÉç»áÐÎ̬֮Öеģ¬¹ú¼ÒÓëÉç»áµÄ¶þÔª·Ö»¯Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓë²úÉúµÄ±ØÒªÌõ¼þ¡£×÷ΪһÖÖ΢¹ÛÃñÖ÷ÐÎʽ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÊÇÔÚ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖ®ÖеÄÒ»ÖÖÒÔ¹«¹²ÀûÒæÓ빫¹²ÐÒ¸£ÎªÆä¼ÛÖµÖ§³ÅµÄ¹«¹²Ðж¯£¬´Ù½øÕþ¸®Ó빫ÃñµÄ»¥¶¯Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÕâÖÖ΢¹ÛÃñÖ÷¼ÛÖµµÄÖ±½ÓÌåÏÖ¡£

¡¡¡¡¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅÒÔÀ´£¬Ëæ×ÅÊг¡¾­¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹¡¢¹ú¼ÒÓëÉç»áÏà¶Ô·Ö»¯Óë×ÔÎÒÍêÉÆ£¬ÎÒ¹ú¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯»ñµÃÁËÇÐʵÍƽøºÍÈ¡µÃÁ˾޴ó³É¾Í¡£µ«ÔÚÉç»áתÐ͹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÐÎʽ»¯µÄ²ÎÓë¡¢·ÇÖƶÈÐԵIJÎÓë¡¢·Ç·¨ÐԵIJÎÓë¡¢Ô­×ÓʽµÄ²ÎÓëµÈ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÎÞÐòÒÖ»òʧÐòÏÖÏóÒ಻ͬ³Ì¶È´æÔÚ¡£“ÓÐÐò”ÊǶà²ã´Î¶àÁìÓòÍØÕ¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÃüÌ⣬ÔÚÈ«Çò»¯¡¢Êг¡»¯ÓëÐÅÏ¢»¯µÄʱ¿Õ±³¾°Ï£¬ÈçºÎÕýÈ·Âú×㹫ÃñÓÐÐò²ÎÓëÐèÒª£¬´Ù½ø¹«¹²²ÎÓëÂõÏòÖƶȻ¯¡¢¹æ·¶»¯ÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄ¹ìµÀ£¬ÊÇ¿¼Á¿ÐÂʱ´úÖйúÕþÖÎÎÄÃ÷·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒª±ê³ß¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯ÒþÓ÷“¶È”µÄ´æÔÚÓëÒªÇ󣬳¬Ô½Ò»¶¨µÄ“¶È”£¬ÓÐÐò¼´ÎÞ´¦¶ÝÐΡ£Îª´Ë£¬ÈçºÎ“ºÏ¶È”Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯“ӦȻ”²ãÃæµÄÊ×Òª¿¼²ì£¬ÉóÊÓ¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶È¡¢Éî¶È¡¢Ð§¶ÈµÄÈýά¿Õ¼ä£¬ÒԻش𹫹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯“¶È”ºÎÔÚ¼°ÈçºÎ“ºÏ¶È”£¬ÊÇÒ»¸öÖØÒªµÄ˼ÏëÁ¢×ãµãºÍÐèÒªÉÑо¿µÄ¿Õ¼ä¡£

¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÉóÊÓ

¡¡¡¡¹ã¶È£¬Î½ÊÂÎïµÄ·¶Î§¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¾Ý²ÎÓëÈËÊýµÄÀÛ¼ÓÇé¿öÒÔºâÁ¿£¬´ÓÀíÂÛ²ãÃæ»Ø´ð£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÈËÊýÔ½¶à£¬Ôò¹«¹²²ÎÓë¶ÈÔ½¹ã£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÈËÊýÔ½ÉÙ£¬Ôò¹«¹²²ÎÓë¶ÈÔ½Õ­¡£ÒÀ¾Ý²ÎÓëÈËÊýµÄ¶à¹Ñ£¬¿É»æÖÆ´ÓÒ»¸öÈ˵½È«²¿³ÉÔ±²ÎÓëµÄÁ¬ÐøͼÆ×£¬¼´Ò»¸öÈ˵IJÎÓëλÓÚͼÆ×µÄÒ»¶Ë£¬È«²¿³ÉÔ±µÄ²ÎÓëλÓÚͼÆ×µÄÁíÒ»¶Ë£¬ÓÉ´ËÒÀ¾ÝÈËÊýµÄ±ä»¯¶øÐγÉÁ¬ÐøͼÆס£µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓë½öΪһ¸öÈ˵IJÎÓëʱ£¬ÔòÊÇÎÒÃÇͨ³£ËùÑԵē¸öÈ˶À²Ã”»ò“¸öÈËר¶Ï”£»µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓëΪȫ²¿³ÉÔ±µÄ²ÎÓëʱ£¬ÔòΪÎÒÃÇͨ³£ËùÑԵēȫÌåÃñÖ÷”»ò“È«Ô±²ÎÓ딡£È»¶ø£¬ÏÖʵÖй«¹²²ÎÓë»ù±¾²»´æÔÚÒ»¸öÈ˵IJÎÓë»òÈ«Ô±µÄ²ÎÓ룬ÒòΪ“¹«¹²”²ÎÓëµÄÄÚÔÚÊôÐÔ±¾Éí¾ö¶¨Á˹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“¸´Êý”ÐÔ£¬Éç»á³ÉÔ±µÄ“²îÒì”ÐÔÓÖ¾ö¶¨ÁËÈ«Ô±µÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ²ÎÓëÒ²½ÏÄÑʵÏÖ¡£¿É¼û£¬´ÓӦȻ²ãÃ濼²ì£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÀíÏëÐÍÐÎ̬¼´¾¡¿ÉÄÜÀ©´ó¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÀÛ»ýÈËÊý¹æÄ££¬Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ·øÉäÃæ¸ü¹ã£¬½ø¶øʹ²»Í¬µÄ¼ÛÖµÒªÇóÓ벻ͬµÄÀûÒæËßÇó¿Éͨ¹ý²ÎÓëµÃÒÔ±í´ï»ò¹µÍ¨¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÇ°ÌáÓë»ù´¡£¬Ò»ÊÇÌÈÈôȱ·¦Ò»¶¨ÈËÊýµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓ룬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“¹«¹²ÐÔ”ÔòÎÞ´ÓÌåÏÖ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÒ²¼´Íɱä³É“α¹«¹²”£¬¶þÊÇÌÈÈô¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÎÞ·¨Âú×㣬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔò¼«¿ÉÄܵ¼Ïò“¸öÈ˵ÄרÖÆ”¡£Ö»Óй«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹ã¶È£¬²»Í¬ÀûÒæËßÇóÓë¼ÛÖµÖ¸ÏòµÄ¸öÌå²Å¿ÉÄÜÔڴ˹ý³ÌÖгä·ÖµØ±í´ï£¬ÔÚ±í´ï¡¢¹µÍ¨¡¢Ð­ÉÌ¡¢¶Ô»°ÖдٳɶԹ«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÀíÐÔ¼û½â£¬ÇÒÐγÉÁ¼ÐÔµÄÖÆÔ¼¡¢¼à¶½Ó빵ͨ»úÖÆ£¬½ø¶øΪ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐòÌṩ±£Ö¤¡£
 

¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶È¡¢Éî¶È¼°Ð§¶ÈµÄÉóÊÓ
 

¡¡¡¡¿¼²ì¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È£¬¿ÉµÃ³ö£¬ÔÚÏÖʵµÄÔËÐлúÖÆÉÏͨ¹ý¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓ°ÏìÕþ²ßÖƶ¨»òÕþ²ßÔËÐеÄÖ÷ÌåÊÇÓɲ»µÈÊýÁ¿µÄÈËȺ×é³ÉµÄ£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëÍùÍùÊÇÓÉ»ò¶à»òÉٵIJ¿·ÖÈËȺ×éÖ¯²ÎÓ룬²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÍùÍùÊÇ“Ò»¸öÈË”Óë“È«Ô±”Ö®¼äµÄij¸öµã£¬ËüÔÚ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄ²ÝÄâ¡¢Ö´ÐС¢ÆÀ¹À¡¢¾öÒéµÈ²ãÃæµÄ²ÎÓë¾ùÓ°Ï칫¹²ÊÂÎñ×îÖյľö²ß¼°·½°¸¡£´Ó¼òÒ×µÄ˼ά·Ïò̽Ë÷£¬µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓë·øÉäµÄÈËȺԽ¹ã£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÈËÊýÔ½¶à£¬¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄ“¹«Òæ”ÐÔÔò¸üΪ±£Ö¤£¬Æä·´Ó³Óë±í´ïµÄÀûÒæËßÇóÓë¼ÛÖµÒªÇó¿ÉÄÜÔ½¹ã£¬“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄÄ¿±ê¸ü¿ÉÄÜʵÏÖ¡£»»ÑÔÖ®£¬µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÀÛ»ýÈËÊýÔ½¶à£¬²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄÀûÒæËßÇó¾ù¿ÉÄÜÄÉÈëÆäÖУ¬²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄÖǻۿ¼Á¿¾ù±»ÒýÈë½è¼ø£¬²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄÒâ¼û½¨Òé¾ù±»±í´ï¿¼²ì£¬ÓÉ´ËÓ°ÏìµÄ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ¾ö²ßÔò¿ÉÄÜ·´Ó³¸ü¶àÊýÈ˵ÄÀûÒæÒªÇó£¬ÆäËù¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉµÄ´íÎó·çÏջήµÍ£¬¾ö²ß¹«²¼ºóÓöµ½µÄ×èÁ¦»áÓÐËù¼õÉÙ£¬ÕâÒ²¼´½Ó½üÓÚ½ñÈÕËù³«µ¼µÄ“ÃñÖ÷”֮ʵÖʼÛÖµ¡£¾ßÌåµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëËùÓ°ÏìµÄ¹«¹²¾ö²ßʼþÒ²±íÃ÷£¬µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È²»×ãʱ£¬¹«¹²¾ö²ßºÜ¿ÉÄÜ×ßÏò“¸ö±ðµÄרÖÆ”£¬²¿·ÖȨÁ¦Ê¹ÓÃÕßÒ²¿ÉÄÜÔÚȨÁ¦ÌìÈ»ÙÔÔ½µÄ³å¶¯Ô¤ÉèÏÂ×ßÏò“ȨΪ¼ºËùÓÔ£¬½ø¶øʹ¹«¹²Õþ²ß½ö´ú±íÉÙÊýÈË»òÉÙÊý½×²ãµÄÀûÒ棬¼´ÏòȨÁ¦Ê¹ÓÃÕßËùÏ£ÍûµÄ·½ÏòÇãб£¬´ïµ½±£»¤Ä³²¿·ÖÈËÀûÒæµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£ÔÚ´ËÀà¹ã¶Èʽ΢µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÏÂËù×ö³öµÄ¹«¹²¾ö²ßÔò¼«¿ÉÄܳöÏÖÒÔ“¹«¹²”Ö®Ãûıȡ“˽Òæ”Ö®ÀûµÄÏÖÏ󣬽ø¶ø¼«¿ÉÄÜÔÚËùν´ú±í»ò·´Ó³´ó²¿·ÖÈËÀûÒæµÄÑÔ˵Ͻö½ö±£»¤ÉÙ²¿·ÖÈËÀûÒæ¡£Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È²»×㣬¼´ÉÙ²¿·ÖÈ˵Ĺ«¹²²ÎÓëÒ²¿ÉÄÜÒò“²ÎÓë²»×㔣¬Òâ¼ûÕ÷Çó²»×㣬¶øµ¼Ö“¾ö²ßʧÎó”»ò“·½ÏòÆ«²î”£¬¼´“ºÃÐİ컵Ê”¡£ÔÚ²ÎÓëÕßÖÇÁ¦Ï൱£¬ÒâÖ¾¶ÀÁ¢µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬²ÎÓëÈËÊýµÄÀÛ¼ÓÎÞÒɻήµÍ´íÎó»úÂÊ£¬À©´óÖÇ»ÛÈÝÁ¿£¬Ê¹¹«¹²¾ö²ßµÄ´íÎó·çÏÕ½µµÍ¡£ÄÇô£¬µ±Ç°ÈçºÎ¾¡¿ÉÄÜʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶È»ñµÃ½øÒ»²½ÍØÕ¹£¿´Ó¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ×ݺáÇÐÃæÀ´¿¼²ì£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÇþµÀÍØÕ¹Óë·á¸»ÔòÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈʵÏÖµÄÖØÒª±£Ö¤¡£µ±Ç°¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÇþµÀÖ÷ÒªÓÐÌýÖ¤»á¡¢×¨¼Ò×Éѯ»á¡¢Õ÷ÇóÒâ¼û×ù̸»á¡¢µ÷²é·´À¡¡¢Í¶Æ±¡¢ÍøÂç²ÎÓëµÈ·½Ê½£¬¸ÃÀ෽ʽ¾ùΪ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÌṩÁË»ù´¡Óë¿ÉÄÜ¡£

¡¡¡¡¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÈçºÎʵÏÖÊÇ̽ÌÖ¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈµÄÖØÒª»·½Ú¡£´ÓÏÖÓеÄÍØÕ¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëÇþµÀµÄ·½Ê½Öпɿ´³ö£¬ÌýÖ¤»á¡¢×¨¼Ò×Éѯ»á¡¢Õ÷ÇóÒâ¼û×ù̸»áµÈ·½Ê½Éæ¼°µÄÃæ½ÏÕ­£¬Ö÷ÒªÒÔ×ÔÉ϶øϵķ½Ê½ÍÆÐУ¬ÍùÍùÊÇÔÚ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñÒÑ´ïµ½Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈʱÔÙÍÆÐеÄÃæÏò¹«ÖڵĹ«¹²²ÎÓë¡£ÌýÖ¤»á¡¢×¨¼Ò×Éѯ»á¡¢Õ÷ÇóÒâ¼û×ù̸»áÒ»°ãÀ´Ëµ¶Ô²ÎÓëÕßµÄÎÄ»¯¡¢Éç»áÔÄÀú¡¢Ïà¹Ø֪ʶµÈ·½ÃæÒ²ÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÒªÇó£¬ÒòΪÌÈÈô²ÎÓëÕ߶Թ«¹²ÊÂÎñÒ»ÎÞËùÖª£¬»ò²ÎÓëÕßµÄÎÄ»¯¡¢ÔÄÀú¡¢ÖªÊ¶±³¾°Ïà¶ÔØÑ·¦Ò²ÄÑÒÔ´ïµ½¸ÃÀ๫¹²²ÎÓëµÄ×îÖÕÄ¿µÄ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÒ²¼«¿ÉÄܳÉΪһÖÖ°ÚÉè¡£¸ÃÀ๫¹²²ÎÓëÓÈÆäÊÇר¼Ò×Éѯ»á£¬ÊǵäÐ͵ÄÒÔר¼ÒÐͲÎÓëÕßΪÖ÷µ¼µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓ룬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È±ØÈ»Êܵ½Ò»¶¨µÄÏÞÖÆ£¬µ«ÒÔר¼ÒΪÖ÷µ¼µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÍùÍùÓÐÆä֪ʶ±³¾°¡¢Ïà¹ØÔÄÀú×ö»ù´¡£¬Äܹ»Îª¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄµ¼ÏòÌṩ½ÏΪ¿É¿¿µÄ¼û½â£¬½ø¶øÓÐЧµØµ¼Òý¹«¹²²ÎÓë¡£µ÷²é·´À¡¡¢Í¶Æ±ÍùÍùÊÇ×Ô϶øÉϵķ½Ê½½øÐУ¬µ÷²é·´À¡¡¢Í¶Æ±µÈ·½Ê½Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ»áÓ°Ï칫¹²Ê¼þ»ò¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄ×îºó×ßÏò£¬ÇÒ´Ó²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬ÍùÍù·øÉäµÄÃæ½ÏΪ¹ã·º¡£ÍøÂç²ÎÓëÔòÊÇÏÖÓй«¹²²ÎÓ뷽ʽÖвÎÓëÀÛ»ýÈËÊý×î¶à£¬²ÎÓë²ãÃæ×î¹ãµÄÒ»ÖÖ²ÎÓ뷽ʽ¡£µ±Ç°Ëæ×ÅÖйúÖð²½ÂõÈë×ÔýÌåʱ´ú£¬Ã¿¸öÈËÖ»Òª¿ªÍ¨ÍøÂç¡¢µã»÷¹Ø×¢µÄʼþ£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔ³ÉΪÍøÂç²ÎÓëµÄÒ»·Ý×Ó¡£ÎãÓ¹ÖÃÒÉ£¬ÍøÂç²ÎÓë³¹µ×¸Ä±äÁË´«Í³µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓ뷽ʽ£¬Ëü¼È¼«´óµØÑÓÕ¹Á˹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È£¬Ò²Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈµÄ´«Í³¿¼²ì·½Ê½Êܵ½ÁËÌôÕ½¡£×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÇþµÀÒѳÊÏÖÒ»¶¨µÄ¶àÑùÐÔ£¬Ó°ÏìÓëÍØÕ¹×Ź«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄºá×ø±ê£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È¡£

¡¡¡¡È»¶ø£¬ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÒÔÀÛ¼ÓÈËÊýΪÍØÕ¹¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈµÄ·½Ê½²¢²»ÄÜÍêÈ«±£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧÓëÓÐÐò£¬ÒòΪ²ÎÓëÈËÊýµÄ¶àÉÙ²¢²»Ò»¶¨Ö±½Ó´ú±í²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧÓëÓÐÐò¡£µ±³öÏÖÒÔÏÂÇé¿öʱ£¬½öÓй«¹²²ÎÓëÈËÊýµÄ±£Ö¤²¢²»ÄÜÖ±½Óµ¼Ïò²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧÓëÓÐÐò£ºÒ»ÊDzÎÓëÕß“³ÁĬ”£¬µ±²ÎÓëÕßµÄÈËÊýÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ±£Ö¤£¬µ«²ÎÓëÕß¾ùΪ“³ÁĬµÄ´ó¶àÊý”£¬¼´²ÎÓëÕß¾ù±£³Ö³ÁĬʱ£¬Óɴ˳ÊÏÖµÄÈËÊýÖÚ¶àµÄ²ÎÓë½öÖ»ÄÜÊDzÎÓëµÄ¼ÙÏ󣬽ø¶øÎÞ·¨±£Ö¤²ÎÓëµÄ“Öǻۼ¯ÖД£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨±£Ö¤²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧÓëÓÐÐò£»¶þÊDzÎÓëÕß“ÐéÉ蔣¬µ±²ÎÓëÕßÈËÊýÖڶ࣬ÇÒ¾ùÓз¢ÑÔ£¬µ«·¢ÑÔÕßʵÖÊÉϲ¢²»ÄܶԹ«¹²¾ö²ß²úÉúÓ°Ï죬¹«¹²¾ö²ßµÄÖ÷µ¼È¨Óë¾ö¶¨È¨ÊµÔò½ö½öÔÚ¼¸¸öÈËÊÖÖÐʱ£¬ÖÚ¶àµÄ²ÎÓëÕß½ö½öÊÇ“ÐéÉ蔣¬´ËÀàµÄÖÚ¶à²ÎÓëÒ²½ö½öÊÇÐéÉèµÄ£¬ÊµÖÊÈÔÊDz¿·ÖȨÁ¦ÕßȨÁ¦µ¼ÏòϵIJÎÓ룬²»Äܱ£Ö¤²ÎÓëµÄ“¼à¶½ÓÐЧ”£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨±£Ö¤²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧÓëÓÐÐò£»ÈýÊDzÎÓëÕß“ÎÞÖª”£¬Èô²ÎÓëÕßÈËÊýÖڶ࣬ҲӻԾ·¢ÑÔ£¬ÇÒδ±»È¨Á¦Õ¼ÓÐÕß»òÇ¿ÊÆÀûÒ漯ÍÅËù²Ù¿Ø£¬µ«²ÎÓëÕß±¾Éí¶Ô¹«¹²ÊÂÎñÒ»ÎÞËùÖª»òÖªÖ®ÉõÉÙ£¬Æä±í´ï¹Ûµãʱ½ö½öÊÇÈËÔÆÒàÔÆ¡¢ËæÉù¸½ºÍ£¬´ËÀàÖ»±£Ö¤ÈËÊýµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÎÞÒÉÒ²ÎÞ·¨ÕæʵÌåÏÖ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È¡£Óɴ˵óö£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È²¢·ÇÂõÏò¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄ³äÒªÌõ¼þ£¬Æ¬ÃæÇ¿µ÷¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È£¬»¹¿ÉÄÜÔì³É¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÐéÈÙ¼ÙÏóÓ빫¹²²ÎÓëµÄʱ¼ä¾«Á¦³É±¾¡£Ïà·´£¬ÌÈÈô¹«¹²²ÎÓëÂú×ãÒÔÏÂÌõ¼þ£¬Ôò¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÉϵÄȱʧһ¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϿɵõ½ÃÖ²¹£ºÒ»ÊDzÎÓëÕߵē֪Ïþ”£¬¼´²ÎÓëÕß¾ù¶Ô²ÎÓëµÄ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñÓнÏÇåÎúµÄÁ˽⣬ÇÒ¶Ô¹«¹²²ÎÓëËùÖ¸ÏòµÄ“¹«Òæ”Ä¿µÄÇåÎúÃ÷ÁË£¬¶ÔÓÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ³ÌÐò¡¢Ï޶ȡ¢·¶Î§¡¢ÒªÇó¾ùÓÐÇåÎúµÄ°ÑÎÕÓë׼ȷµÄÈÏʶ£¬»»ÑÔÖ®£¬²ÎÓëÕߵē֪Ïþ”ʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓë¸üΪÓÐЧ£¬ÇÒÄܹ»½ÏÇåÎúÓëÖ±½ÓµØÖ¸Ïò¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄʵÖÊÄ¿µÄ£»¶þÊDzÎÓëÕߵēµÂÐÔ”£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßÄܹ»Ìø³öÆä¼È¶¨µÄ³ÉÔ±Éí·Ý£¬ÒÔ“µÀµÂÈË”µÄÒªÇóÑϸñÂɼº£¬ÇÒÔÚ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄ¾ö²ßÓë²ÎÓëÖÐÕõÍÑ×ÔÎÒµÄÏÁ°¯Ë½Ò棬ʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÖ¸Ïò²»±³À듹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄÄ¿µÄ£»ÈýÊDzÎÓëÕߵēÀíÐÔ”£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕß¾ßÓÐÓ¦ÓеĹ«¹²ÀíÐÔ£¬Äܹ»ÔÚ¹«¹²ÀíÐÔµÄÖ¸ÒýÏÂ˼άÇåÎú¡¢ÒâÖ¾¶ÀÁ¢µØ·ÖÎöÓë̽ÌÖÎÊÌ⣬½ø¶ø×ö³öÕýÈ·µÄ¾ö¶Ï¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬µ±¹«¹²²ÎÓëÄܹ»Âú×ãÒÔÉÏÌõ¼þʱ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈËäÎÞ·¨´ïµ½È«Ô±²ÎÓ룬µ«ÆäÒ²ËãÊǽÏΪÓÐЧµÄ²ÎÓ룬ÇÒÓÐÀûÓÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯¡£´ÓÒÔÉÏ·ÖÎöÒ²¿ÉµÃ³ö£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶È½ö½öÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÖ¸±êÖ®Ò»£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÓëЧ¶ÈÒ²Éî¿ÌÓ°Ïì׏«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯ÊµÏÖ¡£

¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÉóÊÓ

¡¡¡¡Éî¶È£¬Î½´¥¼°ÊÂÎï±¾Öʵij̶ȡ£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶È¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓë´¥¼°µÄ²ÎÓëʵÖÊ£¬ËüÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¾Ý²ÎÓëµÄʵÖÊÓë²ÎÓëµÄÓ°ÏìÀ´ºâÁ¿£¬´ÓÀíÂÛÉÏ˵£¬µ±²ÎÓëÕß»ùÓÚÐÅÏ¢µÄÕÆÎÕ£¬ÔÚÒâÖ¾¶ÀÁ¢¡¢±çÂÛÉîÈëµÄÇé¿öÏÂÓ°Ï칫¹²ÊÂÎñ×ßÏò£¬ÔòÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÉÏÓнÏÇ¿µÄÌåÏÖ¡£¶øÔÚÏÖʵ²ãÃ棬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÍùÍù´ÓʵÏÖ×î¹ã´óµÄ“DZÔÚ²ÎÓëÕߔתÏòÑ¡Ôñ²¿·Ö“ÏÖʵ²ÎÓëÕß”£¬ÆäÄÚÔÚÔ­ÒòÔÚÓÚÒ»·½Ãæ×î¹ã´óµÄ“DZÔÚ²ÎÓëÕß”µÄʵÏÖ½ÏΪÀ§ÄÑ£¬ÁíÒ»·½Ã沿·Ö“ÏÖʵ²ÎÓëÕß”µÄÉî¶È²ÎÓëÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÄܹ»ÃÖ²¹¹ã¶ÈµÄ²»×ã¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬ÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÏÖʵ½¨¹¹ÖУ¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶ÈÍùÍùÊÇ×÷Ϊһ¸ö½»Ö¯µÄͼÆ׳ÊÏÖ£¬¼´“ÏÖʵ²ÎÓëÕß”µÄÒ»¶¨¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶È²ÎÓë½»Ö¯£¬Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕæʵÇÒÃ÷ÖÇ£¬Ê¹ÆäÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄÀíÐÔÔËÓÃÖÐʵÏÖ£¬½ø¶ø´ïÖÂÓÐÐòµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓë¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÈôÈÃËùÓеÄÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕß¾ù²ÎÓë½øÀ´£¬ÆäÏÖʵµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ½ÏС£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÒýÈ빫¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶È×ø±ê£¬Ñ¡È¡²¿·ÖÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕß¾­¹ýµ÷²éÑо¿¡¢·´¸´±çÂÛ¡¢±È½Ï¿¼²ìµÃ³öµÄÏàÓ¦¾ö²ß»òÐж¯£¬¼´Ê¹²»ÄÜ´ïµ½¾­¼ÃѧÒâÒåÉϵÄÅÁÀÛÍÐ×îÓÅ£¬µ«ÆäÒ²ÄÜ´ïµ½´ÎÓÅ״̬£¬ÇÒ¾ßÓÐʵÏֵĿÉÄÜÐÔ£¬Òò´Ë£¬´ÓÏÖʵµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÉú̬ÉóÊÓ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÖ±½ÓÓ°Ï칫¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯¡£µ±È»£¬ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶ÈµÄ×ݺá×ø±ê²¢·ÇÈçͬÇåÎúµÄ×ø±êϵÄÇÑùÓÐ×ÅÑϸñµÄ±ê¶¨£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶È¸÷Õ¼±È¶àÉÙ²¢Ã»ÓÐÇåÎúÃ÷È·µÄ½ç¶¨¡£ÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÏÖʵ»î¶¯ÖУ¬ÍùÍùÊÇÑ¡È¡²¿·Ö´ú±í²ÎÓëÆäÖУ¬Õâ±ãÊÇ“´úÒéÃñÖ÷”»ò“¼ä½ÓÃñÖ÷”µÄÀ´Ô´¡£

¡¡¡¡ÄÇôÈçºÎ³ä·Ö·¢»Ó¹«¹²²ÎÓë“Éî¶È”×ø±êµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“Éî¶È”ÓÐЧÃÖ²¹¹ã¶ÈµÄ²»×㣿¼òµ¥À´Ëµ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“Éî¶È”¹Ø×¢“ÖÊ”£¬¼ÈÖ¸¹«¹²²ÎÓë»î¶¯µÄ“ÖÊ”£¬Ò²¹Ø×¢Æä×îÖÕÖ¸ÏòµÄ“ÖÊ”¡£¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“Éî¶È”£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚ£º

¡¡¡¡Ò»ÊDzÎÓëÕß¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄµÀµÂËØÑøÓë֪ʶ±³¾°¡£²ÎÓëÕßÒ»¶¨µÄµÀµÂËØÑøÓë֪ʶ±³¾°ÊDZ£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓë“Éî¶È”µÄÇ°ÌáÓë»ù´¡£¬²»ÄÑÏëÏó£¬ÌÈÈô²ÎÓëÕß²»¾ß±¸ÆðÂëµÄµÂÐÔÓë֪ʶˮƽ£¬Æä²ÎÓëµÄ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ±ØÈ»ÄÑÒÔ´ïÖÂÀíÏëµÄ·½°¸»ò×ßÏòÔ¤ÆÚµÄÄ¿µÄ¡£ÑÇÀïÊ¿¶àµÂÔÚ¡¶ÕþÖÎѧ¡·ÖÐдµÀ£º“ÈËÊÇÌìÉúµÄÕþÖζ¯Î¬“ÈËÀàÔÚ±¾ÐÔÉÏÓ¦¸ÃÊÇÒ»¸öÕþÖζ¯Îï¡£”[2]¿É¼û£¬“ÕþÖÎÈË”ÊÇÈ˱üÐÔÖеÄÃæÏàÖ®Ò»£¬È»¶ø“ÕþÖÎÈË”µÄÔ¤ÉèÒÑÒþÓ÷“µÀµÂÈË”µÄÒªÇó£¬ÒòΪ“ÈËÊÇ×îÃû¸±ÆäʵµÄÕþÖζ¯Î²»½öÊÇÒ»ÖÖºÏȺµÄ¶¯Î¶øÇÒÊÇÖ»ÓÐÔÚÉç»áÖвÅÄܶÀÁ¢µÄ¶¯Îï¡£”[3]“È˵ı¾Öʲ»Êǵ¥¸öÈËËù¹ÌÓеijéÏóÎï¡£ÔÚÆäÏÖʵÐÔÉÏ£¬ËüÊÇÒ»ÇÐÉç»á¹ØϵµÄ×ܺ͡£”[4]×÷ΪÉç»á¹ØϵÖеÄÈË£¬“µÀµÂÈË”µÄÔ¤¶¨ÒàÔçÒÑ×¢È룬¹«¹²²ÎÓë×÷ΪһÖÖÉç»áÐԻ£¬ÆäÄÚÔÚ¸üÏÊÃ÷µØÒªÇó²ÎÓëÕß“µÀµÂÈË”ÃæÏàµÄÕÃÏÔ¡£´ËÍ⣬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓбðÓÚÒ»°ãµÄ²ÎÓ룬ËüÍùÍùÖ¸ÏòÒ»¶¨µÄ¹«¹²Ê¼þ»ò¹«¹²ÎÊÌ⣬ÓÉ´ËÒ»¶¨µÄ֪ʶ±³¾°ÒàÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÉî¶È´ïÖµÄÇ°Ìá»ù´¡¡£

¡¡¡¡¶þÊǶԲÎÓëʼþÐÅÏ¢µÄ°ÑÎÕ¡£Èô²ÎÓëÕ߾߱¸½ÏºÃµÄµÀµÂËØÑøÓë֪ʶ±³¾°£¬µ«Æä¶ÔʼþÐÅÏ¢ºÁÎÞÁ˽â»òÖªÖ®ÉõÉÙ£¬½¨»ùÓÚ½üºõ“ÎÞÖª”״̬µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓ룬²»ÄÑÏëÏó£¬Æä¶ÔʼþµÄ²ÎÓëÖ»ÄÜÊÇÈËÔÆÒàÔÆ»òÂÙΪ“³ÁĬµÄ´ó¶àÊý”£¬Òò´Ë¶Ô²ÎÓëʼþÐÅÏ¢µÄ°ÑÎÕÒàÊDZ£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëÉî¶ÈµÄÖØÒªÒªÇó¡£ÄÇôºÎν²ÎÓëʼþµÄÐÅÏ¢£¿Îª±£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶È£¬ÐèÒª°ÑÎÕÄÄЩ²ÎÓëʼþµÄÐÅÏ¢£¿¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ£¬²ÎÓëʼþµÄÐÔÖÊ£¨¹«ÒæÐÔ»ò·Ç¹«ÒæÐÔ£©£¬²ÎÓëʼþµÄ·¢ÆðÕߣ¬²ÎÓëʼþµÄÄ¿±êÖ¸Ïò£¬²ÎÓëʼþµÄÓ°Ïì·¶³ëµÈ¾ùÊǹ«¹²Ê¼þµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬²ÎÓëÕßÖ»ÓжԲÎÓëʼþ±¾ÉíÐÅÏ¢³ä·Ö°ÑÎÕ£¬²ÅÓпÉÄܳÊÏÖ²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶È¡£

¡¡¡¡ÈýÊDzÎÓë¹ý³ÌÖеĻý¼«±í´ï¹µÍ¨¡£±í´ï¡¢¹µÍ¨¼ÈÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë±¾ÉíµÄ»î¶¯ÌåÏÖ£¬Ò²ÊÇͨ¹ý²ÎÓë´ï³É¹²Ê¶µÄ±ØÒª¹ý³Ì¡£°´ÕÕÂí¿Ë˼µÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÒâʶÊǶԴæÔڵĿ͹۷´Ó³£¬´æÔÚÊÇÒâʶµÄÀ´Ô´£¬¶øÈËÃǵĴæÔÚʵ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇÏÊ»îµÄʵ¼ÊÉú»î¡£“¹ÛÄîµÄ¶«Î÷²»ÍâÊÇÒÆÈëÈ˵ÄÍ·ÄÔ²¢ÔÚÈ˵ÄÍ·ÄÔÖиÄÔì¹ýµÄÎïÖʵĶ«Î÷¶øÒÑ¡£”[3]ÔÚÀûÒæ·Ö»¯¡¢Éç»á²»¶Ï±äǨµÄÏÖʱ´ú£¬ÓÉÀûÒæ·ÖÊâÔ¤ÉèµÄ¼ÛÖµ·ÖÆçÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖÐÎÞÒÉ»áÇåÎú³ÊÏÖ£¬ÎªÓÐЧÍƽø¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¿ªÕ¹£¬ÔòÐèÒª²ÎÓëÕßÔÚ²ÎÓë¹ý³ÌÖÐÞðÆú×ÔÎÒµÄÏÁ°¯µÄ¼ÛÖµÁ¢³¡£¬ÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖлý¼«¾ÍÎÊÌâ±¾ÉíÕ¹¿ª±çÂÛ£¬±í´ïÒâÔ¸£¬»ý¼«¹µÍ¨£¬½ø¶ø´Ù³É¼ÛÖµ¹²Ê¶µÄ´ï³É¡£Ù¤´ïĬ¶ûÌá³öµÄ“ÊÓÓòÈںϔ¡¢ÂÞ¶û˹Ìá³öµÄ“Öصþ¹²Ê¶”µÈ¾ùÊÇ»ùÓڴ˵Ŀ¼Á¿£¬¼´¹«¹²½»Íù¹ý³ÌÖлùÓÚ¹«¹²ÀûÒæËù´ïÖµēÖصþ¹²Ê¶”»ò“ÊÓÓòÈںϔÌåÏÖ³öÁ˹«¹²²ÎÓë¶ÔÉç»áÉú»îµÄÉý»ª£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓë´Ù½øÁËÉç»áÉú»îµÄºÍг·¢Õ¹£¬ÊÇÉç»áÉú»îÖÐÀûÒæ·ÖÊâ¡¢¼ÛÖµ·ÖÆç×ßÏòºÍг¡¢»¥¶¯¡¢Àí½âµÄÖØÒª»·½Ú¡£

¡¡¡¡ËÄÊDzÎÓëÈËÔ±µÄ“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”¡£¹«¹²ÀíÐÔÊǹ²ÏíƽµÈ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄ“¼¯ÌåÀíÐÔ”£¬ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÊÇ·ñÃñÖ÷µÄÖØÒª²ÎÁ¿¡£¹«¹²ÉÆÊǹ«¹²ÀíÐÔµÄÄ¿±êÖ¸Ïò£¬ËüÊÇÕþÖÎÕýÒå´ïÖµÄÄÚÔÚÒªÇó£¬Ò²ÊÇÕþÖÎÕýÒåÖ¸ÏòµÄÄÚÔÚÖ¼¹é¡£¼òÑÔÖ®£¬Ö¸Ïò¹«¹²ÉƵĹ«¹²ÀíÐÔÊÇÃñÖ÷¹ú¼ÒµÄÖØÒªÌØÕ÷£¬Ò²Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÄÚÔÚÒªÇ󡣓¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ¹ÛÄî°üÀ¨ÆäËùÊÊÓõĻù±¾ÕþÖÎÎÊÌâ¡¢ËùÊÊÓõÄÈËÔ±¡¢ÕýÒå·¶³ëËù¸³ÓèµÄÄÚÈÝ¡¢ºÏÐÔÐÔ·¨ÂɵÄÌÖÂÛÖƶ¨ÖеÄÓйظÅÄîÔËÓᢹ«Ãñ¿ËÖƵÄÔ­ÔòÎÊÌâµÈµÈ²ãÃæµÄÄÚÈÝ¡£”[6]ÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÍÆÖª£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÆä×ÔÉíÄÚÔÚµÄÌض¨ÊôÐÔÓëÌض¨ÒâÒåÖ¸Ïò£¬ËüÍùÍùÓ빫¹²ÀíÐÔ½ôÃÜÁª½á£¬“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”ÒàÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÉî¶È´ïÖµÄÖØÒªÔªËØ¡£

¡¡¡¡ÎåÊDzÎÓëÖ¸ÏòµÄ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”¡£“¹«¹²ÉÆ”Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÄÚÔÚÖ¸Ïò£¬»»ÑÔÖ®£¬“¹«¹²ÉÆ”Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÄ¿µÄ±í´ï¡£“¹«¹²ÉÆ”ÄÚÔ̷ḻµÄ¼ÛÖµÌØÖÊ£¬Ëü¼ÈÒÔ“¹«¹²”ΪָÏò£¬Ò²ÒÔ“ÉƔΪĿµÄÈ¡Ïò¡£È±Ê§ÈÎÒ»²ãÃæÌض¨Ö¸Ïò¶¼²»ÄܳÆ֮Ϊ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”£¬Èç½öÉæ¼°¸öÌåÉÆ»ò½öÉæ¼°¹«¹²Ê¼þ¾ù²»Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÄ¿µÄΪ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄ±í´ï¡£“¹«¹²ÉÆ”¼ÈÖ¸Ïò“¹«¹²”£¬Ò²¸»º¬“ÉÆ”µÄÄÚº­£¬µ±Ç°¹«Æ½¡¢ÕýÒå¡¢¹«ÕýµÈÔòÊÇ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄ¾ßÌåÕ¹¿ª£¬ÊÇ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄ¾ßÌåÖ¸Ïò¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÒòÒÔ“¹«¹²ÉƔΪĿµÄÖ¸Ïò£¬ËüÓëÒ»°ãµÄ²ÎÓëÒ²¾ÍÓÐ×ű¾ÖʵIJî±ð¡£¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ¡¢¹«¹²ËØÑø¡¢¹«¹²¹Ø»³Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“¹«¹²ÐÔ”µÃÒÔ±£Ö¤ÓëÌåÏÖµÄÄÚÔÚÒªÇ󣬹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÖ÷ÌåËØÖÊÒ²ÊÇ“¹«¹²ÐÔ”´ïÖµÄÄÚÔÚ±£Ö¤¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“¹«¹²ÉƔָÏòҲʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓë²»ÔÙÊÇΨ˽µÄÀûÒæ×·Öð£¬Ò²²»ÊÇÒþÃصē˽È˶À°×”£¬¶øÊÇÒÔ¹«¹²ÀûÒæΪָÏòµÄ¹²ÔÚ×·Çó£¬ÊÇÓëËûÈ˵ē¶Ô»°ÉÌ̸”£¬Ëüʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔÚÃ÷È·µÄµÀÒåÖ¸ÏòÉϸüΪÉîÈëÓëÉî¿Ì¡£Òò´Ë£¬“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄÖ¸ÏòÒàÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë“Éî¶È”³ÊÏÖµÄÖØÒª²ãÃæ¡£

¡¡¡¡È»¶ø£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ“Éî¶È”ÃÖ²¹¹«¹²²ÎÓ듹ã¶È”Ö®²»×ãµÄÓÐÏÞ´ú±í²ÎÓëÈÔÈ»ÓÐÆäÄÑÒÔ¹æ±ÜµÄ·çÏÕ£¬ÆäÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚ£ºÒ»ÊDzÎÓëÕß“¼¯ÌåµÂÐÔ”±»Ï÷ÈõµÄ·çÏÕ¡£µÀµÂË®×¼¡¢ÖªÊ¶±³¾°¡¢¸öÌåËØÖÊÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë´ïµ½Éî¶ÈµÄ“Ö÷Ìå”ÒªËØÒªÇó£¬È»¶øÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÏÖʵʵ¼ùÖÐÎÞ·¨±£Ö¤Ñ¡È¡µÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕß¾ù¾ßÓнϸߵĵÀµÂËØÑøÓë֪ʶˮƽ£¬¼´Ê¹²¿·Ö´ú±íÂú×ãµÂÐÔ¡¢ÖªÊ¶Ë®Æ½µÈ²ãÃæµÄÒªÇó£¬Ò²ÎÞ·¨±£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖеē¼¯ÌåµÂÐÔ”£¬½ø¶øÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖпÉÄÜÃæÁÙ²ÎÓëÕß“¼¯ÌåµÂÐÔ”±»Ï÷ÈõµÄ·çÏÕ¡£¶þÊDzÎÓ듹«¹²ÉƔָÏò¶¯Ò¡µÄ·çÏÕ¡£“¹«¹²ÉÆ”²»Í¬ÓÚ“ÆÕ±éÉÆ”£¬Ò²²»Í¬ÓÚ“×ܺÍÉÆ”£¬Ëü²»ÊÇÉƵÄÆÕ±éÏà¼Ó£¬¶øÊÇÒÔ×îСËðº¦ÎªÔ­Ôò£¬ÊµÏÖ×î´ó¶àÊýÈËÀûÒæµÄ“¹¹³ÉÐÔµÄÉÆ”¡£ÕþÖÎÕýÒåÊÇÕýÒåÔ­ÔòÔÚÕþÖÎÁìÓòµÄÌåÏÖ£¬¹«¹²ÉƾÍÊÇÕþÖÎÕýÒåµÄÄÚÔÚÒªÇó£¬Ò²ÊÇÕþÖÎÕýÒåʵÏֵĸ÷ÏîÖƶȡ¢¹æ·¶¡¢¹ÛÄî³ÐÔصÄÄÚÔÚÄ¿±ê¡£“¹«¹²ÉƔָÏòÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÓбðÓÚÆäËû²ÎÓëµÄÖØÒªÒòËØ£¬È»¶ø²ÎÓëÕß¿ÉÄÜÔÚÍâ½ç»·¾³±ä»¯»ò¸öÌåÆÚÍû¸Ä±äµÄÄÚÍâÒòËØ×ÛºÏ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬³öÏÖ“¹«¹²ÉƔָÏò¶¯Ò¡µÄ·çÏÕ£¬½ø¶øÎ¥±³¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÄ¿µÄ±¾ÖÊ¡£ÈýÊDzÎÓëÕß“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”µÄÇéÐ÷»¯·çÏÕ¡£¸ÐÐÔÓëÀíÐÔÊÇÈËÀàͨÓеÄÇéÐ÷״̬£¬ÔÚ¹«¹²Ðж¯µÄʵ¼ùÖУ¬ÀíÐÔÓÖÓй«¹²ÀíÐÔÓë¸öÌåÀíÐÔÖ®·Ö£¬ÇÒÁ½ÕßÊÇÏ໥ӰÏìÓëÉø͸µÄ¡£¸öÌåÀíÐÔÊǹ«¹²ÀíÐÔ´ïÖµĻù´¡£¬ÌÈÈôȱ·¦¸öÌåÀíÐÔ£¬¹«¹²ÀíÐÔµÄÅàÓý±ãÎÞËùÒÀ¸½¡£¹«¹²ÀíÐÔËùÖ±¹Û±í´ïµÄ“¹«¹²Òâ¼û”ÊǸöÌåÀíÐÔµÄÅàÓýÓëÉú³¤»ù´¡ÉÏ“ÊÓÓòÈںϔÓ듶Ի°¹µÍ¨”µÄ¼¯³É¡£¿É¼û£¬¸öÌåÀíÐÔʼÖÕÊǹ«¹²ÀíÐԵē×îС·Ö×Ó”£¬¹«¹²ÀíÐÔËùÒÀÀµµÄ“¹«¹²Òâ¼û”“¹«¹²»°Ó¹«¹²ÊÓÒ°”¾ùÓÐÀµÓÚ¸öÌåÀíÐÔ¡£È»¶ø£¬²ÎÓëÕß¿ÉÄÜÒòÀûÒæµÄ°ó¼Ü»òËûÕߵĽéÈë¶ø×ßÏò·ÇÀíÐÔ£¬ÇÒ¿ÉÄÜÔÚÇéÐ÷»¯Ã¤¶¯Ï³ÊÏÖÒ»ÖÖ“ÕýÒåµÄ´í¾õ”£¬×ßÏò“ÕýÒåµÄ·´Ïò”¡£ËÄÊDzÎÓëÕß“ÀûÒæ°ó¼Ü”µÄ˽ÃÜÐÔ·çÏÕ¡£ÈËÃǶÔÀûÒæµÄ²»Ð¸ÓëÓÀºã×·ÇóÊÇÈËÀàÉç»á·¢Õ¹µÄÔ´ÂëËùÔÚ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓë¸öÌåÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖпÉÄܱ»Ç¿ÊÆÀûÒ漯ÍÅ°ó¼Ü£¬³ÉΪƫÀ듹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄÇ¿ÊÆÀûÒ漯ÍÅ´úÑÔÈË£¬²ÎÓëÕßÒ²¿ÉÄܱ»Óë×ÔÉíÀûÒæ×îΪÃÜÇеĹØÁª·½·ý»ñ£¬½ø¶ø³ÊÏÖ²ÎÓëµÄ“˽ÃÜÐÔ”£¬¶ø×ßÏò²ÎÓëÕß“ÀûÒæ°ó¼Ü”µÄ˽ÃÜÐÔ·çÏÕ¡£Óɴ˿ɼû£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÓë¹ã¶ÈÖ®×ݺá×ø±ê´Ó¾²Ì¬µÄÊӽǻæÖÆÁ˹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÖйúËßÇ󣬵«¶þÕßÄÑÒÔ¹æ±ÜµÄÄÚÔÚ·çÏÕ£¬ÓÖÉî¿ÌµØÒþÓ÷Á˶¯Ì¬Êӽǹ۲âµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬Òò´Ë¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÁíÒ»²ÎÁ¿———Ч¶ÈµÄÒýÈë¾ÍÓÈΪÖØÒª¡£

¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈÉóÊÓ

¡¡¡¡Ð§¶È£¬Î½ÊÂÎïµÄÓÐЧÐÔÓë׼ȷÐÔ¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶È²»½ö½öÖ¸ÓÐЧ£¬»¹°üÀ¨¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¿É¿Ø£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÕû¸ö¹ý³ÌÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄ¿ØÖÆ״̬Óë¿ØÖÆ·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬Ëü²»ÊÇ»ìãç»òʧÐòµÄ£¬Ëüʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄ¿¼²ìÌø³öÁË×ݺáµÄ¾²Ì¬¿ò¼Ü£¬¶ø´ÓȫеĶ¯Ì¬Êӽǿ¼²ìÓë¹Û²â¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄ“ºÏ¶È”¡£ÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖУ¬µ±²¿·Ö²ÎÓëÕßÆ«À듹«¹²ÉÆ”µÄ²ÎÓëÖ¸Ïò»ò²¿·Ö²ÎÓëÕß³ÊÏÖÒ»¶¨µÄÇéÐ÷»¯Éõ»ò䶯ʱ£¬²ÎÓëÈÔÈ»ÓÐЧ£¬µ«Ëü²»ÄÜ´ïµ½¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄЧ¶ÈÒªÇó¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶È£¬¹ËÃû˼Ò壬ÈçºÎʵÏÖ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔ¤ÆÚµÄЧ¹û£¬ÆäÖØÒªÖ¸±ê¼È°üÀ¨²ÎÓëµÄÓÐЧ£¬¸üÖ¸¶Ô²ÎÓë¹ý³ÌµÄ¿É¿Ø£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔÚ¿ÉÒÔÕƿصÄ״̬ÖС£¾ßÌåÀ´Ëµ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈÖ÷ÒªÖ¸¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÈ«ÌåÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕ߶Բ¿·ÖÏÖʵ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßµÄ֪ʶˮƽ¡¢µÀµÂËØÑø¡¢¼ÛÖµÁ¢³¡µÄ³ä·ÖÕÆÎÕ£¬ÏÖʵ²ÎÓëÕ߶Թ«¹²²ÎÓëʼþµÄÄ¿µÄ¡¢¹ý³Ì¡¢Ö¸Ïò¾ùÇåÎúÁ˽⣬Óɴ˱£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯¡£´ÓÒ»¶¨ÒâÒåÉÏÀ´Ëµ£¬²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶È¶¼²»ÄÜÖ±½ÓÖ¸Ïò¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈÒÔ¶þÕßµÄÄÚÔÚÕÅÁ¦Îª³ß¶È£¬Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔÚ¿É¿Ø״̬ÖУ¬½ø¶ø±£Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯¡£

¡¡¡¡¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶È£¬ÔÚ¾ßÌåµÄʵÏÖ»úÖÆÓëȨºâ¿¼²ìÉÏ£¬ÐèÒª»Ø´ðµÄÊǹ«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÈ«ÌåÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßÈçºÎʵÏÖ¶ÔÏÖʵ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕߵļලÓëÖÆÔ¼£¬ÈçºÎ±£Ö¤ÏÖʵ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßʼÖÕÒÔ“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”²ÎÓ빫¹²ÊÂÎñ£¬²¢ÔÚ²ÎÓëÖдïÖÁ“¹«¹²ÉƔּÒâ¡£ÄÇôÈçºÎ±£Ö¤½¡Á¢½¡È«Ïà¹ØµÄ¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖÆÔòÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëЧ¶ÈʵÏÖµÄÖØÒªÃüÌâ¡£¿¼²ì¹«¹²²ÎÓë¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖƵÄʵÏÖ£¬¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÒÔÏÂÈý·½Ãæ×ÅÑÛ£º

¡¡¡¡Ò»ÊÇȨÀûÖÆԼȨÀû¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÊǹ«ÃñÔÚ¹«¹²ÁìÓò²ÎÓë»î¶¯µÄ×ܳƣ¬Ëü±¾ÉíÊǹ«ÃñȨÀûµÄÕ¹ÏÖ¡£È»¶ø£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖеĹ«ÃñȨÀû²¢²»ÊÇ“ÎÞËùÊø¸¿”Óë“ÈÎÒâÍýΪ”µÄ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßÍùÍùÊÇÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕߵIJ¿·Ö´ú±í£¬ÊÇ“¼¯ÌåȨÀû”µÄ²¿·Ö´úÑÔÈË¡£ÓÉ´ËÒâÒåÉÏ¿¼²ì£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖй«ÃñȨÀû³ÊÏÖÐèÒª½ÓÊÜËùÓеÄÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßµÄȨÀûÖÆÔ¼£¬Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϹ«¹²²ÎÕßµÄȨÀû³ÊÏÖÒàÊÇËùÓеÄÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßµÄȨÀûÈöɡ£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßÔÚ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ»ò¹«¹²¾ö²ßÖÐÐÐʹ¼à¶½È¨¡¢Ñ¡¾ÙȨ¡¢±í¾öȨµÈȨÀûʱÒàÐèÒª½ÓÊÜÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕߵļලÓëÖÆÔ¼¡£ºÚ¸ñ¶ûÔøÇ¿µ÷£º“Ò»¸öÃñ×åµÄ¹ú¼ÒÖƶȱØÐëÌåÏÖÕâÒ»Ãñ×å¶Ô×Ô¼ºÈ¨ÀûºÍµØλµÄ¸ÐÇ飬·ñÔò¹ú¼ÒÖƶÈÖ»ÄÜÔÚÍⲿ´æÔÚ×Å£¬¶øûÓÐÈκÎÒâÒåºÍ¼ÛÖµ¡£”[7]¹«Ãñ¶Ô×Ô¼ºÈ¨ÀûµÄÕäÊÓÊǹú¼ÒÖƶȴæÔÚÒâÒåÓë¼ÛÖµµÄÒÀÍУ¬ÃñÖÚÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖÐȨÀûµÄ³ÊÏÖÊǶÔȨÀûÕäÊÓµÄÌåÏÖ£¬Æä±¾ÉíÒ²ÐèÒª½ÓÊܼලÓëÖÆÔ¼£¬ÌÈÈô¹«ÃñÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖÐÐÐʹȨÀû²»ÊÜÈκμලÓëÖÆÔ¼£¬ÄÑÒÔÏëÏóȨÀûÊÇ·ñÄÜÕæÕý×ßÏò¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ±¾ÕæÄ¿µÄ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕßµÄȨÀûÕ¹¿ªÐèÒª½ÓÊÜÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕßµÄȨÀûÖÆÔ¼Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓë¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖÆʵÏÖµÄÒªµã¡£

¡¡¡¡¶þÊÇȨÁ¦Êʵ±¼à¶½¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓ벻ͬÓÚÒ»°ãµÄ²ÎÓ룬ËüÊÇÒ»Ïî¾ßÓй«¹²ÊôÐԵĹ«¿ª²ÎÓ룬ÍùÍùÖ±Ö¸¹«¹²Ê¼þ»ò¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐʱÒÔµ¥¸ö¸öÌåµÄ¼¯ºÏÐÎʽչ¿ª£¬ÓÐʱҲÒÔÉç»á×éÖ¯µÄÐÎʽ²ÎÓ룬ÎÞÂÛÊǵ¥¸ö¸öÌåµÄ¼¯ºÏÐÎʽÒÖ»òÊÇÉç»á×éÖ¯µÄÐÎʽ£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓë»î¶¯±¾ÉíÈÔÒª½ÓÊÜÕþ¸®µÈ²¿ÃŵÄÊʵ±¼à¶½¡£×Ըĸ↑·ÅÒÔÀ´£¬Éç»á×éÖ¯³ÊÏÖÒ»¶¨µÄ»Ö¸´Ó뷢չ̬ÊÆ£¬ÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄ½ø³ÌÒàÊÇÉç»á×éÖ¯²»¶Ï·¢Õ¹²¢×ßÏòÅµÄ½ø³Ì£¬ÖйúÉç»á×éÖ¯ÒÑÈ»´ÓÒ»¸ö´¿´âµÄ¼¯Ìå×éÖ¯·¢Õ¹ÎªÓ°ÏìÖйúÌØÉ«Éç»áÖ÷Òå·¢Õ¹µÄÖØÒªÁ¦Á¿£¬ËüÓëÕþ¸®¡¢Êг¡Ö®¼äÐγÉÁËÓÐÁ¦µÄ»¥¶¯ÓëÕÅÁ¦¸ñ¾Ö¡£µ±Ç°Õþ¸®-Êг¡-Éç»áµÄ“Èýά¸ñ¾Ö”ÓÐÀµÓÚÉç»á×éÖ¯µÄÁ¼ÐÔ·¢Óý¡£µ³µÄÊ®°Ë´ó±¨¸æÖÐÃ÷È·Ìá³öÒª¼Ó¿ìÐγÉÏÖ´úÉç»á×éÖ¯ÌåÖÆ£¬Òýµ¼ÏÖ´úÉç»á×éÖ¯½¡¿µÓÐÐòµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬´Ù½øÏÖ´úÉç»á×éÖ¯·¢Õ¹µÄÕþÉç·Ö¿ª¡¢È¨ÔðÃ÷È·ºÍÒÀ·¨×ÔÖΡ£Éç»á×éÖ¯µÄÅàÓýÓë·¢Õ¹Ò²ÒÑÔÚÖйúÌØÉ«Éç»áÖ÷Ò彨ÉèÖлñµÃÁËÕþÖα£Ö¤ÓëÕþÖλù´¡£¬Éç»á×éÖ¯µÄÅàÓýÓë·¢Õ¹²»ÔÙÊǸöÌåÐÔµÄ×Ô·¢¼¯ºÏ»ò×Ô·¢×éÖ¯£¬ËüÒÑ»ñµÃÁ˵³´ÓÕ½ÂԸ߶ȵÄÈÏ¿ÉÓëÖØÊÓ¡£µ±È»ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬Éç»á×éÖ¯µÄÕþÖα£Ö¤ÓëÕ½ÂÔÈϿɲ¢²»Òâζ×ÅËüÒÑ¿ÉËæÒâµØ׳´ó»òÀ©ÕÅ£¬¶øÊÇÒªÔÚÒ»¶¨µÄ¹æÔ¼ÓëÌåϵÖÐÓÐÌõ²»Îɵسɳ¤ÓëÅàÓý£¬È¨Á¦Êʵ±¼à¶½ÊÇÆäÄÚÔÚÒªÇ󡣿ɼû£¬È¨Á¦Êʵ±¼à¶½ÒàÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖÆʵÏÖµÄÖØÒª·½Ãæ¡£

¡¡¡¡ÈýÊÇ·¨Âɹ淶ȨÀû¡£“ÕýÒåÊÇÉç»áÖƶȵÄÊ×Òª¼ÛÖµ£¬ÕýÏñÕæÀíÊÇ˼ÏëÌåϵµÄÊ×Òª¼ÛÖµÒ»Ñù¡£”[8]·¨ÂÉÊÇÕýÒåÕÃÏԵľßÌå±í´ï£¬ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨±ãÃ÷È·¹æ¶¨Á˹«ÃñµÄ¸÷ÖÖÕþÖÎȨÀû£¬ÆäÖÐÏÜ·¨µÚ34ÌõÖÐÖ¸³ö£¬ÒÔ¼¯»á¡¢ÓÎÐС¢Ê¾ÍþµÈÐÎʽά»¤È¨ÀûȨÒæ¾ßÓз¨ÂÉÉϵĺϷ¨ÐÔ¡£È»¶ø£¬·¨ÂÉÔÚ¸³ÓèȨÀûµÄͬʱ£¬Ò²»®¶¨ÁËÆäÄÚÔڵı߽磬¼´¹«ÃñÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖÐÌåÏÖÓëÐÐʹµÄȨÀûÐèÔÚ·¨ÂɵĿò¼ÜÄÚ¼ùÐУ¬·¨ÂɶÔȨÀûÐÐʹÓз¨ÀíÒâÒåÉϵĹ淶ÐÔÓë¹æÔ¼ÐÔ¡£Óɴ˵óö£¬È¨ÀûÖÆԼȨÀû¡¢È¨Á¦Êʵ±¼à¶½¡¢·¨Âɹ淶ȨÀûÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖÆʵÏֵķÏò¡£

¡¡¡¡¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈʵÏÖÓÐÀûÓÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶ÈÖ®¼ä±£³ÖÒ»¸öºÏÀíµÄÕÅÁ¦£¬¼´¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶È´ïµ½¾¡¿ÉÄܵÄ×îÓÅÇÒʹ¹«¹²²ÎÓë´¦ÓڿɿصÄ״̬ÖУ¬µ÷½Ú׏«¹²²ÎÓëµÄºÏÀíÕÅÁ¦£¬ÆäÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚ£ºÒ»ÊÇÈ·Ö¤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÃÖ²¹¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÖ®²»×ã¡£ÔÚÏÖʵµÄ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÖУ¬ÓÉÓÚ²ÎÓëµÄʱ¼ä¡¢¾«Á¦¡¢ÎïÖÊÌõ¼þµÈÖ÷¿Í¹ÛÒòËØ£¬¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÀûÒæÏà¹ØÕß²ÎÓëÍùÍù½ÏÄÑʵÏÖ£¬ÎªÃÖ²¹¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÖ®²»×㣬ÐèÒª²ÎÓëÕߵĵÀµÂËØÑøÓë֪ʶ±³¾°¡¢¶Ô²ÎÓëʼþÐÅÏ¢µÄ°ÑÎÕ¡¢²ÎÓë¹ý³ÌÖеĻý¼«±í´ï¹µÍ¨¡¢²ÎÓëÈËÔ±µÄ“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”¡¢²ÎÓëÖ¸ÏòµÄ“¹«¹²ÉÆ”µÈÉî¶È²ÎÓëÒÔÃÖ²¹¡£È»¶ø¼´±ãÈç´Ë£¬²ÎÓëÕß“¼¯ÌåµÂÐÔ”±»Ï÷ÈõµÄ·çÏÕ¡¢²ÎÓëÕß“¹«¹²ÉƔָÏò¶¯Ò¡µÄ·çÏÕ¡¢²ÎÓëÕß“¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ”µÄÇéÐ÷»¯·çÏÕÈÔÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÉî¶È²ãÃæ¿ÉÄÜÓöµ½µÄ·çÏÕ¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬¹«¹²²ÎÓëÒýÈëµÚÈý·½¼à¶½ÓëÖÆÔ¼»úÖÆ£¬Á¦Í¼ÔÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ¹ã¶ÈÓëÉî¶È²ãÃæÐγɺÏÀíÕÅÁ¦£¬ÒÔÊʵ±ÓëÓÐЧµÄ¼à¶½ÓëÖÆԼȷ֤¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÉî¶ÈÃÖ²¹¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈÖ®²»×㣬½ø¶ø´ïµ½¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¹û×îÓÅ¡£¶þÊÇÓÅ»¯¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÊý×éºÏ¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÊý×éºÏÖй«ÃñÌØÖÊÊÇ×îÖØÒªµÄ²ÎÊý£¬¶ø¹«ÃñÌØÖÊÒàÊǹ«¹²Éí·ÝµÄÖØÒªÕÃÏÔ£¬“²ÎÓ빫ÃñÉú»îÊÇÒ»¸öÎÄÃ÷ÈË×î¸ß¼¶µÄ»î¶¯ÁË¡£”[9]¹«¹²²ÎÓë²»ÊÇËæÒâµÄÎÞÁIJôºÍ£¬ËüÉæ¼°µ½¶àÖزÎÊý£¬°üÀ¨¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÈËÊý¡¢·¶Î§¡¢³ÌÐò¡¢ÊֶΡ¢ÇþµÀµÈ£¬ÈÎÒ»²ÎÊýµÄ±ä»¯¶¼Ö±½ÓÓ°Ï칫¹²²ÎÓëµÄÒâÒåʵÏÖ¡£µ±Ç°¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈʵÏÖÖ¸ÏòÓÅ»¯¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÊý×éºÏ£¬ËüÔÚÖйúÌØÉ«Éç»áÖ÷ÒåÃñÖ÷ÕþÖεÄÍƽøÖз¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒª×÷Ó㬶ÔÓÚ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÐÎʽµÄ¶àÑù»¯¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓëÇþµÀµÄÍØÕ¹¡¢¹«¹²²ÎÓë¹ã¶ÈµÄÑÓÉì¾ùÆð×ÅÖØÒª×÷Ó㬽ø¶øÍƽø¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯¡£ÈýÊǵ÷½Ú¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÁ¿Åä±È¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓë×÷ΪÒÔ¹«¹²ÀûÒæΪָÏòµÄ²ÎÓëÐÐΪ£¬ÔÚÃñÖ÷ÓëЧÂÊÈ¡ÏòÉÏÐèÒª±£³ÖºÏÀíµÄÕÅÁ¦¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄºÏÀí²ÎÁ¿Åä±ÈÓ¦ÔÚ¼ÛÖµÀíÐÔÓ빤¾ßÀíÐÔ²ãÃæ±£³ÖЭµ÷ͳһ¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÁ¿Åä±ÈÊǵ±Ç°ÀûÒæ¶àÔª»¯Ê±´ú²»Í¬ÀûÒæÁ¢³¡µÄ²ÎÓëÕßÄÜ·ñ»ñµÃ¼ÛÖµ¹²Ê¶µÄÖØÒªÒòËØ¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÃñÖ÷ÓëЧÂÊÈ¡Ïò£¬ÔÚÖйú¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ·¢Õ¹½ø³ÌÖУ¬¾­ÀúÁËÃñÖ÷Ö÷µ¼¡¢Ð§ÂÊÓÅÏÈ¡¢ÃñÖ÷ÓëЧÂʼæ¹ËµÄÀú³Ì£¬ËüÒàÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë²ÎÁ¿Åä±ÈÈÕÒæ×ßÏòÓÅ»¯µÄÀú³Ì¡£µ±Ç°ÖÎÀíÃñÖ÷²ÎÓëÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓë²ÎÁ¿Åä±ÈºÏÀíÐԵĽϺÃ̽Ë÷ģʽ¡£ÖÎÀíÃñÖ÷²ÎÓë´Ó²ÎÁ¿Åä±È¶øÑÔ£¬ÊǸÐÐÔÓëÀíÐÔ¡¢Ë½ÒæÓ빫ÒæÓÐЧƽºâÖеÄÓÅ»¯²ÎÓë¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ˽ÃÜ»¯Êǵ±Ç°¸öÌå×ÔÓɹýÓÚÊͷŵķçÏÕ£¬ÈçºÕ¶ûÂüËùÑÔ£º“ÍêÈ«³Á½þÔÚ˽ÈËÉú»îÖв»½ö¶Ô¸öÈ˶øÇÒ¶ÔÈ«Éç»á¶¼±»¸Ð¾õΪһÖÖÊÍ·ÅÐÔ¾­Àú¡£”[10]¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÇéÐ÷»¯»ò¸ÐÐÔ»¯ÒàÊDzÎÓë·çÏÕÔöÇ¿µÄÒòËØ£¬¹«¹²ÀíÐÔÊǹ«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÀíÐÔ»¯ÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÖØҪƷÖÊÓëÐÄÀí»ù´¡£¬ËüÊǸöÌåÀíÐÔ»ù´¡ÉÏÒÔ¹«¹²²ÎÓëÕýµ±ÐÔΪָÏòµÄ¹²ÓмÛÖµ¹ÛÄîÓë¼Ûֵ̬¶È£¬Êǹ«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò½øÐеÄÒâʶ»ù´¡¡£¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄЧ¶ÈʵÏÖÓÐЧµ÷½Ú¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄ²ÎÁ¿Åä±È£¬Ê¹¹«¹²²ÎÓëÔÚ¸ÐÐÔÓëÀíÐÔ¡¢Ë½ÒæÓ빫ÒæÖÐÓÐЧƽºâ£¬²¢Íƽø¹«¹²²ÎÓëµÄÓÐÐò»¯¡£

¡¡¡¡²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×

¡¡¡¡[1] Âí¿Ë˼¶÷¸ñ˹Îļ¯£¨µÚ9¾í£©[M].±±¾©£ºÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2009:351.
¡¡¡¡[2][¹ÅÏ£À°]ÑÇÀïÊ¿¶àµÂ.ÕþÖÎѧ[M].ÑÕÒ»£¬Çص仪Òë.±±¾©£ºÖйúÈËÃñ´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬2003:4.
¡¡¡¡[3] [5]Âí¿Ë˼¶÷¸ñ˹ѡ¼¯£¨µÚ2¾í£©[M].±±¾©£ºÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2012:684,93.
¡¡¡¡[4] Âí¿Ë˼¶÷¸ñ˹ѡ¼¯£¨µÚ1¾í£©[M].±±¾©£ºÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2012:135.
¡¡¡¡[6][ÃÀ]Ô¼º²·ÂÞ¶û˹.¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ¹ÛÄîÔÙ̽[M]¡ÎÊæì¿.¹«¹²ÀíÐÔÓëÏÖ´úѧÊõ.±±¾©£ºÈýÁªÊéµê£¬2000:1.
¡¡¡¡[7][µÂ]ºÚ¸ñ¶û.·¨ÕÜѧԭÀí[M].·¶ÑÕÅÆóÌ©Òë.±±¾©£ºÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý£¬2012:296.
¡¡¡¡[8][ÃÀ]ÂÞ¶û˹.ÕýÒåÂÛ[M].ºÎ»³ºê£¬ºÎ°ü¸Ö£¬ÁÎÉê°×Òë.±±¾©£ºÖйúÉç»á¿Æѧ³ö°æÉ磬1988:3.
¡¡¡¡[9][ÃÀ]ղķ˹·G·ÂíÆ棬[Ų]Ô¼º²·P·°Â¶ûÉ­.ÖØз¢ÏÖÖƶȣºÕþÖεÄ×éÖ¯»ù´¡[M].ÕÅΰÒë.±±¾©£ºÈýÁªÊéµê£¬2011:46.
¡¡¡¡[10][ÃÀ]°¬²®ÌØ·O.ºÕ¶ûÂü.ת±ä²ÎÓ룺˽ÈËÀûÒæÓ빫¹²Ðж¯[M].ÀîÔö¸ÕÒë.ÉϺ££ºÉϺ£ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2008:121-122.

×÷Õßµ¥Î»£ºÄϲý¹¤³ÌѧԺÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåѧԺ
Ô­Îijö´¦£º³Â¸¶Áú.¹«¹²²ÎÓëÓÐÐò»¯µÄÈýά¿Õ¼äÉóÊÓ[J].ÀíÂÛÓë¸Ä¸ï,2019(06):130-137.
Ïà¹Ø±êÇ©£º
  • ±¨¾¯Æ½Ì¨
  • ÍøÂç¼à²ì
  • ±¸°¸ÐÅÏ¢
  • ¾Ù±¨ÖÐÐÄ
  • ´«²¥ÎÄÃ÷
  • ³ÏÐÅÍøÕ¾