摘 要: Toll样受体(TLRs)作为模式识别受体(PRR)可识别病原体相关模式分子(PAMPs)和损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs)。TLR2在HIV感染中具有特殊意义,可增强T细胞中的HIV感染和巨噬细胞中HIV-1病毒的复制。可溶性TLR2(sTLR2)由TLR2胞外域脱落翻译后修饰产生,广泛存在于多种体液之中。sTLR2可与TLR2竞争结合配体,在与HIV-1结构蛋白结合后,减弱后续炎症反应和HIV感染。本文就sTLR2在HIV发生发展中的作用展开阐述,说明sTLR2在预防HIV感染和HIV治疗,以及HIV母婴垂直传播和婴儿健康中的重要作用。
关键词 : 可溶性Tl样受体;可溶性Tol样受体2; HIV;病毒;母乳;
Abstract: As a typical pattern recognition receptor (PRR), Toll like receptors (TLRs) can recognize various pathogen-associated pattern molecules (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLR2 is of special importance in the HIV infection and can enhance the HIV infection in T cells and the HIV-1 virus replication in macrophages. Soluble TLR2 (sTLR2) is produced by post-translational modification of the TLR2 extracellular domain, and widely presents in different body fluids. sTLR2 competes with TLR2 for binding to its different ligands. After having bound to HIV-1 structural proteins, sTLR2 is capable of reducing subsequent inflammatory reactions and HIV infection. This review will describe the role of sTLR2 of breast milk in the occurrence and development of HIV, and its impact on prevention and treatment of HIV infections.
Keyword: sTLR; sTLR2; HIV; Virus; Breast milk;
Toll样受体( Toll Like Receptors, TLRs )属于I型跨膜受体,由胞外域?跨膜域和胞内域三部分组成。TLRs参与识别病原体相关模式分子( pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs )和损伤相关分子模式( Damage Associated Molecular Patterns, DAMPs )后触发信号级联反应,激活NF-κB信号转导通路,促进下游抗病毒和促炎性细胞因子产生[1,2]。NF-κB激活后通过结合反转录病毒基因长末端重复序列( Long Terminal Repeated, LTR )以促进病毒复制[3]。人类TLR2位于4号染色体,定位于细胞膜表面,可与TLR1、TLR6和TLR10形成异源二聚体[4]。目前有许多病毒蛋白已被鉴定为TLR2的新型PAMP,包括DNA病毒[5,6,7]、单正链RNA病毒[8,9]、单负链病毒[10]、双正链病毒[11,12]。
1.TLR2在HIV感染中的作用
HIV病毒属于慢病毒属,是一种强变异性病毒,可大量破坏以CD4+T细胞为代表的宿主免疫细胞,影响人体免疫系统对病毒的抵御能力[13]。HIV-1结构蛋白p17、p24和gp41可引起TLR2介导的细胞活化并增加前病毒DNA含量[14],进而加重T细胞中的HIV感染[15]和HIV-1病毒在巨噬细胞中的复制[12]。此外,HIV-1 gp120可增加TLR2引起的病毒复制和TNF-α、IFN-β分泌[16,17,18]。TLR2/TLR1异源二聚体可识别HIV结构蛋白p17和gp41,TLR2/TLR6可识别HIV p24结构蛋白并引起免疫激活。此外,在没有TLR6的情况下,单独TLR2与HIV p24结合后可阻断p17和gp41所引起的的免疫激活[12]。尽管目前关于TLR2与TLR10的研究较少,但也提出TLR2可与TLR10形成自源性或异源二聚体共同识别gp41影响HIV在机体内引起的免疫反应[19]。
2.母乳中sTLR2与HIV作用机制
可溶性Toll样受体( Souble Toll Like Receptors, sTLRs )与TLRs胞外域高度同源,可与TLRs竞争结合配体,是TLRs的负反馈调节途径之一[20]。细胞膜表面的TLR2结构域脱落后,整联蛋白金属蛋白酶(ADAM),包括ADAM10和ADAM17,对脱落蛋白进行水解切割后生成可溶性Toll样受体2 ( Soluble Toll Like Receptor 2, sTLR2 )[21]。母乳中的sTLR2可与sCD14结合形成异源二聚体[21],受到经典配体Pam3Cys刺激,影响二者的结合,以此实现sTLR2的激活[22]。sTLR2可能通过与sCD14相互作用和/或与细胞膜结合的CD14发挥其抑制活性,从而干扰脂肽对CD14介导的细胞膜TLR2的触发及信号传导[21,23]。sTLR2存在于多种体液之中,首先发现以高浓度形式存在于母乳中[24]。母乳中sTLR2作为诱饵受体结合多种PAMPs和DAMPs来干扰细胞膜表面TLR2的激活,减少病毒感染后靶细胞的募集,帮助调节细胞的过度活化[25]。
现有研究发现,母乳可保护发育中的婴儿免受环境病原体侵害,无论母体HIV感染状况如何,母乳喂养均可降低婴儿出生6个月内HIV母婴传播( MTCT )的风险[26,27]。尽管对母乳是如何保护婴儿不被感染HIV的具体原理仍在研究,但可以肯定的是,母乳中具有抗病毒活性的免疫成分[28,29]。对HIV患者母乳组成成分进行分析发现存在大量sTLRs [24],将尼日利亚的HIV感染患者母乳与尼日利亚和加拿大的未感染患者母乳中sTLR2的表达水平进行对比发现,感染患者sTLR平均浓度水平在104~105pg/ml,未感染患者sTLR平均浓度水平在103~104pg/ml,HIV感染患者母乳中sTLR2浓度水平明显升高[30]。鉴于TLR2在HIV感染中的重要作用,由此推断sTLR2亦是抑制HIV-1蛋白诱导细胞活化的重要免疫因子。
sTLR2通过与HIV-1结构蛋白的直接相互作用而干扰病毒在宿主细胞上的附着,对HIV-1感染有显着抑制特性,并抑制了病毒诱导的NF-κB信号通路的活化和炎症反应[12],且随着体内sTLR2浓度的增多,对HIV的抑制作用越强,可一定程度上减缓HIV疾病进程[31]。母乳中HIV-1蛋白p17、p24和gp41或Pam3CSK4的增多均可使乳腺上皮细胞和单核巨噬细胞分泌产生的sTLR2增多[30]。sTLR2可与HIV结构蛋白p17、p24和gp41直接结合[24],但与HIV结构蛋白gp120或HIV ssRNA之间未检测到相互作用。随着sTLR2浓度水平的升高,gp41诱导的IL-8表达受到显着抑制,p17诱导的细胞活化水平降低[30]。sTLR2浓度水平与疾病进展标志物p24含量呈正相关,同时HIV感染患者体内α-防御素水平、Pam3CSK4含量与母乳中的病毒负荷,均可影响sTLR2的分泌水平[30]。此外,sTLR2也可以通过与HIV-1结构蛋白结合,减少NF-κB依赖性细胞活化,进而抑制HIV-1受体CCR5表达,并且这种抑制作用随着sTLR2浓度升高而增强,从而显着减少了HIV-1感染[32]。同时,sTLR2浓度水平与感染HIV-1的母乳中的IL-15含量密切相关。随着机体内sTLR2浓度水平增加,IL-15分泌增多,自然杀伤(NK)细胞的杀伤作用和繁殖得以加强,使HIV复制得到有效控制,其机制类似于TLR2依赖性促炎性因子产生机制以及暴露于HSV包膜糖蛋白中巨噬细胞释放IL-15的机制[30]。
3.母乳中不同sTLR2片段与HIV的作用
在LeBouder等[21]研究中,血浆和母乳及单核细胞培养上清液中共发现六种sTLR2片段,分别是32kDa、36kDa、40kDa、66kDa、70kDa和83kDa多肽。TLR2的未加工形式的分子量约为90 kDa,人TLR2的细胞外结构域约为64kDa,并通过N-连接的糖基化增加至84kDa[33],因此母乳中的sTLR2多肽是来自整个TLR2分子或细胞外结构域的加工片段。因此推测,83kDa多肽可能对应于完整TLR2细胞外结构域即完整sTLR2片段,而其他较短多肽片段可能是由83kDa多肽的进一步修饰水解产生的。
而在Henrick等[24]研究中发现母乳中主要sTLR2片段是38 kDa和26 kDa 多肽,乳腺和母乳中的多个细胞有助于26 kDa sTLR2的生成,但是38 kDa形式的来源目前仍不清楚。数据表明38 kDa sTLR2的产量在产后随时间下降,并且在室温下容易降解,这一现象可能与婴儿的免疫系统成熟有关。sTLR2 38 kDa和26 kDa多肽片段通过非共价键相互结合,以sTLR2蛋白复合物的形式抑制细菌PAMP诱导的促炎性细胞因子产生感染和无细胞R5 HIV-1感染,有助于减少HIV-1向婴儿的垂直传播[24]。这一点在体外实验中也得到了验证—使用免疫中和和免疫耗竭的方法将母乳中sTLR2除去,将无细胞的R5 HIV-1与含sTLR2和不含sTLR2的母乳上清液孵育并感染TZMbl细胞发现,与不含sTLR2的上清液相比,含有sTLR2的细胞上清液中IL-8的含量显着降低,当使用TLR2 mAb中和sTLR2时,IL-8的含量显着增加,并且sTLR2浓度越高,IL-8含量降低越明显[30]。同样用不含sTLR2母乳进行体外免疫印迹实验发现,Pam3CSK4可使细胞中IL-8分泌显着增加。由此可见sTLR2还可抑制Pam3CSK4诱导的炎症有关,对婴儿健康和预防HIV母婴垂直传播至关重要[24]。
4.sTLR2对HIV治疗的作用
除此之外,在HIV的治疗过程中sTLR2可作为良好标记物反应治疗效果。随着HIV感染患者的单核巨噬细胞分泌sTLR2的增加,sTLR2含量与其他炎症标记物,如TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1Ra,浓度水平呈正相关,这一点说明sTLR2提高了HIV感染患者免疫激活[34]。sTLR2浓度水平的升高反映出sTLR2可有效抑制TLR2与HIV-PAMP的结合,通过ELISA[24,30,34]或Western Blot [35]对体液中sTLR2的表达水平进行检测,在未来对HIV患者的治疗和HIV感染的预防有重要作用。
结语
sTLR2在HIV发病机理中发挥重要作用,当HIV病毒感染机体后,sTLR2可与HIV-1病毒表面结构蛋白p17、p24和gp41直接作用,与TLR2竞争结合配体,抑制下游NF-κB信号通路活化和炎症反应,增加IL-15产生,减少IL-8分泌和CCR5表达。鉴于母乳中sTLR2和免疫因子之间的密切关系,有理由认为这些先天因素共同起作用,有助于抑制HIV病毒的感染和复制,并在预防HIV母婴垂直传播中和保护婴儿健康中发挥重要作用。此外,sTLR2与其他免疫分子相互作用可能是预防易感人群HIV-1感染和HIV治疗的关键。目前,sTLR2在HIV感染和治疗中以及在病毒感染过程中的免疫调节作用仍然知之甚少,在中国这方面的研究还未见报道。然而,越来越多的证据表明免疫系统可以使用一系列可溶性分子来抵御病毒感染。通过sTLR2直接与HIV-1蛋白的相互作用,我们可以推测sTLR2可以至少通过以下两种可能的方式抑制病毒感染:1、 sTLR2直接识别病毒表面蛋白,与之结合后并阻碍病毒-宿主细胞膜融合以减少病毒的入侵和感染;2、 sTLR2以剂量依赖的方式显着抑制了病毒诱导的TR2依赖性NF-κB信号传导通路的激活和后续细胞因子的分泌。sTLR2在以HIV为代表的病毒感染中的抑制作用为病毒免疫疗法和病毒相关疫苗制备提供了新的方案,为未来病毒在人体内的发生发展和治疗预防提出了新的思路。
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