两种语音系统对儿童语音意识的促进作用(3)
时间:2016-12-23 来源:未知 作者:chunt 本文字数:8012字
本研究中韵脚意识稍弱于首音意识,有两种可能的原因。一是首音位于音节的起始位置,由声母构成,对于一个音节对应一个字的汉语而言,声母的有效识别决定着音节与音节、词与词之间的切分效率,关乎听说和理解效率,故相对于韵脚而言,首音更受关注,尤其是在低年级汉语拼读训练时; 同时,声母的分布数量相对少,更易区分掌握。韵脚位于音节的后半部分,且数量相对多,所以稍难。二是普通话和方言都有声调,音节中的韵母和声调往往是作为一个整体出现。韵脚奇异判断时,被试除正确感知听到的三个音节外,还需要把注意指向每个音的后半部分进行心理比较,这时必须进行声调和韵母的分离。本研究选择实验材料时虽考虑了方言与普通话的韵母分布,但由于被试是二三年级学生,我们没有对音调加以控制,韵脚意识20项组合中,仅两项中的三个音节声调相同,这可能增加了被试判断的难度。尽管如此,三年级被试在韵脚意识三种组合中的显着差异表现,恰恰说明了语言经验对于语音意识的影响。
回到本研究的初衷,双语语音经验对儿童语音意识具有促进作用,但这种作用可能受测量材料以及语言、个体和社会层面等因素的调节,从而导致来自不同群体的被试样本间比较产生不一致的双语效应结论。本研究中双语儿童在三种语音组合的不同表现,从某种程度上说明了语音意识的跨语言一致性和特异性,双语效应往往出现在两种语音系统共有的音位分布; 但测量中这种双语效应的捕捉,则可能受个体和社会层面因素的影响。当然,具体是哪些个体和社会因素对双语语音意识效应起调节作用,则有待进一步实证研究探讨。
五、结 语
本研究的主要发现有两个: 一是语言经验显着影响了语音意识的发展,一种语言的语音经验对语音知觉判断有促进作用,两种语言的经验更能加强语音意识; 二是语言经验的这种影响是动态变化的,不同的语音意识发展阶段对具体维度影响不同。语音意识双语效应的捕捉则可能受个体和社会层面因素的调节,从而导致被试间比较研究得出不一致的结论。
参考文献:
[1]Rubin H,Turner A. Linguistic awareness skills in grade onechildren in a French immersion setting[J]. Reading andWriting:An Interdisciplinary Journal,1989(1) :73 - 86.
[2]Campbell R,Sais E. Accelerated metalinguistic(phono-logical)awareness in bilingual children[J]. British Jour-nal of Developmental Psychology,1995,13:61 - 68.
[3]L aurent A,Martinot C. Bilingualism and phonologicalawareness:the case of bilingual(French - Occitan)chil-dren[J]. Reading and Writing,2010,23:435 - 452.
[4]Bruck M,Genesee F. Phonological awareness in youngsecond language learners[J]. Journal of Child Language,1995,22:307 - 324.
[5]Loizou M,Stuart M. Phonological awareness in monolingualand bilingual English and Greek five - year - olds[J]. Jour-nal of Research in Reading,2003,26:3 - 18.
[6]Tingley P A,Dore K A,1,et al. A comparison ofphonological awareness skills in early French immersionand English children[J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Re-search,2004,33:263 - 287.
[7]Bialystok E,Majumder S,Martin M M. Developing phono-logical awareness:Is there a bilingual advantage? [J]Ap-plied Psycholinguistics,2003,24:27 - 44.
[8]Patihis L,Oh J S,Mogilner T. Phoneme discrimination ofan unrelated language:Evidence for a narrow transfer butnot a broad-based bilingual advantage[J]. InternationalJournal of Bilingualism,2015,19:3 - 16.
[9]Kang J Y. Do bilingual children possess better phonologicalawareness?Investigation of Korean monolingual and Korean-English bilingual children[J]. Reading and Writing,2012,25:411 - 431.
[10] 徐芬,任萍。小学儿童语音意识与汉语拼音能力的关系[J].应用心理学,2004(4) :22 - 27.
[11] 任萍,徐芬,张瑞平。拼音学习对幼儿语音意识发展的影响[J].心理学报,2006(1) :41 - 46.
[12]Ziegler J C,Goswami U. Reading acquisition,develop-mental dyslexia and skilled reading across languages:Apsycholinguistic grain size theory[J]. PsychologicalBulletin,2005,131:3 - 29.
[13]Hu M. Phonological awareness in Mandarin of Chineseand Americans[D]. Auburn University,2009.
[14]Hamers J F,Blanc M H A.Bilinguality and Bilingualism[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[15] 李荣宝,陈素梅,王幼琨,等。儿童语音经验对其语音意识发展的影响[J].中国外语,2011(1) :36 - 43.
[16]Chen X,Anderson R C,Li W,et al. Phonological aware-ness of bilingual and monolingual Chinese children[J].Journal of Educational Psychology,2004,96:142 - 151.
[17]Chen S,Li R,Li G,et al. The effect of dialect experience onChinese children's Mandarin phonological awareness[J].Reading and Writing,2013,26:1317 - 1335.
[18]Vygotsky L. Thought and language[M]. Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1987:105 - 109.
[19] 福建省地方志编纂委员会。福建省志·方言志[M].北京: 方志出版社,1998:98 - 163.
[20] 周长楫。闽南方言大词典[Z].福州: 福建人民出版社,2006.
[21]Mc Bride-Chang C,Bialystok E,Chong K K Y,et al. Levelsof phonological awareness in three cultures[J]. Journal ofExperimental Child Psychology,2004,89:93 - 111.
[22] 李嵬,祝华,Dodd B,等。说普通话儿童的语音习得[J].心理学报,2000(2) :170 - 176.
[23]M orais J. Constraints on the development of phonemicawareness[C]/ / In Brady S A,Shankweiler D P(eds.) ,Phonological Processes in Literacy. Mahwah,NJ:LawrenceErlbaum Associates,1991:5 - 27.
相近分类: