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摘 要
本文以宪政理论为视野，着眼于战时状态下军事权力运行的法律规制这一重要问题，通过分析战时状态下军事权力的运行特点，得出宪政层面战时军事法的基本矛盾是军事权力的扩张与人民基本权利保护之间的矛盾，以此推论出战时军事法的四个基本问题主要包括“战时状态”的形成、战时军队动用、战时军事权对社会的管制问题以及人民基本权利的限制与保障的法律问题。本文通过分析大陆法系和英美法系国家战时军事法的理论和实践，总结出战时军事法的发展特点和脉络。最后，提出了构建我国战时军事法的几项立法建议。
文章共分为五章。第一章提出了研究战时军事法的重要意义，界定了战时军事法的概念是战时状态下，由国家制定和认可并由国家强制力保障实施的调整军事社会关系和调控军事权的法律规范的总称，并且界定了本文的研究范围和研究方法。
第二章介绍了国外战时军事法的发展与演变，总结出了英国、美国、法国和德国战时军事法的产生、发展和成熟阶段的特点。
第三章探讨了我国战时军事法律制度的相关理论问题，包括战时军事法的历史演进、特征和价值及其外延问题。
第四章在宪政层面分析了战时军事法的立法现状，通过分析得出现有的战时军事法律体系不健够全，法律规范中也存在着意涵不明确、定位不准确，权力义务规定不完善等缺陷。
第五章中，笔者提出了战时军事法的立法原则、立法模式并且初步构建了几项战时军事法最基本的法律制度。首先，“战时状态”形成的法律制度中包含战时状态的决定和宣布、期限以及战时状态的终止，“战时状态”形成的法律制度的意义在于其决定了战时军事权力运用的起始和终止。其次，军队动用法律制度规定了战时军队动用的原则与程序。军队拥有的功能和职责是军队动用的逻辑前提，是军队合法动用的基础和依据。军队动用的原因分为战争、内乱与武力协助治安和非武力性动用，本文认为任何原因的军队动用原则都可以归纳为必要性原则和明确性原则，对于上述原则的例外情况也做了分析和列举。
再次，阐述了战时军事管制中军事权力行使的一般性问题。最后，提出了限制公民权利的限度和建立战时司法救济与国家赔偿制度来保护公民的基本权利。
关键词：战时军事法 军事权力 立法构建
ABSTRACT
In the constitutionalism dominion，this article focused on how to rulethe military power in wartime. The basic contradiction of military law inwar time is how to rule military power and the protection for civil rights.
Through the above analysis, the basic issues in wartime military lawmainly include the formation of state of war, wartime troop’s employ,military power’s controlling society instead of administrative power andpeople’s basic rights’ restriction and guarantee. Based on analyzing thewartime military law and practice in civil law system and case law system,it summarizes the developing characteristics and skeleton of wartimemilitary law. Last, it presents several suggestions to build our country’smilitary law in wartime.
The article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter proposes thesignificance of studying military law in wartime. Then the article definesthe concept of “military law in wartime” is that in state of war, thecollection of the law which adjust the military society relationship andcontrol the military power, provided and recognized by the country as wellas protected to implement by national mandatory. The article then identifiesthe studying scope and the research methods.
Chapters II introduces the development and evolution of “military lawin wartime” abroad, and summarizes the characteristics of “military law inwartime” of the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Germany,at the emergence, development and mature stage.
Chapter III discusses the theoretical issues regarding “military law inwartime” of our country, including history of the evolution of it, thecharacteristics of it, and the value of it, as well as its extension problems.Chapter IV analyses present legislative status of “military law inwartime” in the constitutionalism dominion. Through the above analysis,the article proposes that the present system of “military law in wartime” isnot good enough, and the legal norms have defects such as meanings arenot clear, positioning is not accurate, and the provisions of the power andthe obligation are imperfectIn last chapter, the author proposes the legislation principle and thelegislation pattern of the military law in wartime, and has initiallyconstructed several most basic law of it. First, the legal regime of “state ofwar” contains the decision and the announcement of state of war, and thedeadline as well as the termination of it. The significance of law of “state ofwar” lays in it to decide the outset and the termination of utilization ofmilitary authority in wartime. Then, the principles and procedures of themilitary utilization in wartime are provided by the legal system of militaryutilization. That the military has the function and the responsibility is thelogic premise, as well as the foundation and basis for the militaryutilization. The reasons of military utilization contains the war, the civilstrife, the military force assistance public security and the non-militaryforce use, The author thought that any principles of the military utilizationcould be induce into the necessary and the definition, and also analyzes andenumerates the above principle exceptional cases. Once more, the articleelaborates the general questions about the exercise of military legislativepower in wartime, the administration power, and the jurisdiction. Finally,the article proposes the limitations to the restriction to the rights of citizens,and by the establishment of the judicature in wartime relief, the nationalcompensation legal system, to protect citizen's basic rights. After all, toprotect the citizen’s basic rights is all legal issues basic end-result.
KEYWORDS: Military law in wartime, Military power,Legislative Construction
